231 Midterm upper year quizlet review

True or false: qualitative research results are generalizable

false

"The lived experience of parental caregiving to a dying child". Is this article qualitative or quantitative?

qual

"The effect of exercise on measures of cardiovascular functioning". Is this article qualitative or quantitative?

quantitative

Which of the following BEST describes clinical nursing research?a) systematic inquiry using disciplined methods to answer questions or solve problemsb) systematic inquiry to develop trustworthy evidence about issues of importance to nurses and their clientsc) nursing research designed to guide nursing practice

c

True or false: disciplined research is the best method of acquiring reliable knowledge.

true

rue or false: research findings increasingly must meet the test of being clinically significant, and medical practitioners have taken centre stage in efforts to define clinical significance.

false

A \__________ paradigm is based on the belief that reality exists; the real world is driven by natural causes. The researcher is independent from those researched; values and biases are to be held in check. a) positivistb) constructivist

a

A \__________ paradigm is based on the belief that reality is multiple and subjective; the researcher interacts with those being researched; subjectivity and values are inevitable and desirable.a) positivistb) constructivist

b

True or false: qualitative research is closely allied with the constructivist tradition.

true

A mixed-method study...a) uses both qualitative and quantitative methods b) uses multiple sites to conduct researchc) surveys multiple populations simultaneously d) uses multiple research teams

a

Empirical evidence is...a) information known to be true prior to the study b) information taken in through the sensesc) information obtained through questionnaires

b

True or false: all research has limitations

true

A researcher wants to know if exposure to a disease or health problem increases the risk of subsequent adverse consequences. This is an example of what kind of evidence-based practice purpose?a) prognosisb) etiology/cause/harm
c) therapy/intervention d) meaning/process

a

A researcher is conducting a study to determine what factors cause or contribute to the risk of a certain health problem. This is an example of what kind of evidence-based practice purpose?a) diagnosis/assessmentb) prognosis
c) etiology/cause/harm d) meaning/process

c

A researcher asks: what tests or assessment procedure will yield accurate diagnoses or assessments of critical patient conditions and outcomes? This is an example of what kind of evidence-based practice purpose?a) diagnosis/assessment
b) prognosisc) etiology/cause/harm d) therapy/intervention

a

True or false: quantitative research attempts to identify a phenomenon.

false

Evidence-based decision making integrates best research evidence with... (select all that apply) a) patient preferencesb) unit culturec) local circumstances
d) clinical expertisee) traditional practice guidelines

A,c,d

"The exchange, synthesis, and application of knowledge by relevant stakeholders within complex systems to accelerate the beneficial effects of research aimed at improving health care."a) generalizabilityb) knowledge translation
c) nursing research d) empirical evidence

b

True or false: randomized controlled studies are the highest level of evidence available, according to the evidence hierarchy.

false

Put the following steps of EBP in order: a) evaluate outcomesb) integrate evidencec) translate/disseminate evidence
d) ask a questione) search and collect best evidence

d, e, b, a, c

True or false: background questions are generally broad in nature

true

Which of the following are examples of background questions?a) When do complications of pneumonia usually occur?b) What bedrest elevation for mechanically ventilated patients is maximally effective in reducing the risk
of ventilator-associated pneumonia?c) What is it like for patients with HIV or AIDS to adapt to changes in body weight and ensuing body
image changes?d) What is the pathophysiology of Lyme disease?e) Which large-volume enema solution - tap water, soap suds, or polyethylene glycol-electrolyte solution
- results in the least mucosal irritation in patients with constipation?

a

Grey literature can be defined as...
a) an in-depth study that involves the collection of rich qualitative data but does not have roots in a
particular qualitative tradition
b) the notes taken by researchers to record the unstructured observations made in the field, and the
interpretation of those observations
c) a report appearing in professional journals such as "Research in Nursing & Health" or
"International Journal of Nursing Studies"
d) documents produced by government, academic, business or organizations where publishing is not the
primary activity of the producing body

d

A knowledge-focused trigger...a) begins with an innovation or research findingb) begins with a perplexing or troubling clinical situation

a

Which of the following is NOT a criteria when appraising implementation potential? a) transferabilityb) study locationc) feasibility
d) cost-benefit ratio

b

Which of the following is not a similarity between quality improvement, research, and evidence based practice projects?a) use of systematic methods to address clinical problems and improve healthcareb) generally use similar data
c) quantitative research styles

c

True or false: QI projects are generally intended to effect immediate improvement in health care delivery

true

True or false: a literature review is always required in a GI project

false

Which of the following is not true about multisite studies? a) they yield more diverse groups of study participants b) they enhance the generalizability of findingsc) they are intended for qualitative studies only

c

Which of the following is an example of a construct? a) self-careb) weightc) age
d) cardiac output

a

A concept is best understood as:a) a collection of phenomenab) abstractions of particular aspects of human behaviour or characteristics c) a framework for developing theories

b

Theories knit \_________ into a coherent system that purports to explain phenomena a) conceptsb) constructsc) phenomena
d) ideas

a

True or false: the term variable is used equally in both quantitative and qualitative studies

false

Comparing gender and life expectancy is an example of: a) a cause-and-effect relationshipb) associative (functional) relationshipc) qualitative study of pattern

b

Cigarette smoking and lung cancer is an example of: a) a cause-and-effect relationshipb) associative (functional) relationshipc) qualitative study of pattern

a

An observational study is the same as: a) experimental researchb) non-experimental researchc) empirical evidence
d) cause-and-effect relationship

b

Clinical trials in medical research are also known as: a) experimental researchb) non-experimental researchc) empirical evidence
d) cause-and-effect relationship

a

This kind of qualitative research seeks to understand key social psychological processes a) grounded theory researchb) phenomenological researchc) ethnographic research

a

A researcher is focusing on the patterns and lifeways of a cultural group. This is: a) grounded theory researchb) phenomenological researchc) ethnographic research

c

If you are focusing research on the lived experiences of humans, you would be conducting: a) grounded theory researchb) phenomenological researchc) ethnographic research

b

Place the phases of developing a quantitative study in the correct order. a) analytic phaseb) dissemination phasec) design and planning phase
d) conceptual phase e) empirical phase

d, c, e , a, b

True or false: when an article is being peer reviewed, the reviewers know the names of the authors of the study.

false

IMRAD stands for...a) Interest, Method, Reasoning, Altercations, Design b) Introduction, Method, Reasoning, And Discussion
c) Introduction, Method, Results, And Discussion d) Interest, Method, Results, And Discussion

c

True or false: the review of literature is typically found in the method section of the research report.

false

In what section of a research article would you find study limitations and ramifications for the believability of the results?a) methodsb) introduction
c) resultsd) discussion

d

An objective assessment of a study's strengths and limitations is known as: a) knowledge translationb) research critiquec) quality improvement project
d) judgement call

b

n inference is...
a) a conclusion drawn from the study evidence using logical reasoning and consideration of methods
used
b) a prediction made prior to a study being conducted based upon the literature
c) the same as a hypothesis
d) the same as raw data

a

The accuracy and consistency of obtained information is... a) validityb) reliabilityc) trustworthiness

b

If the evidence is said to be sound, and findings are convincing, well-grounded, and support the desired inferences, the research is:a) reliableb) valid
c) trustworthy

b

Which of the following is NOT a criteria of trustworthiness? a) credibilityb) confirmabilityc) affordability
d) dependability e) transferability f) authenticity

c

True or false: triangulation is a useful strategy in both qualitative and quantitative research

true

An extraneous factor is the same as... a) confounding variableb) dependent variablec) independent variable
d) outlying variable

a

Concealing information from participants, data collectors, or care providers to enhance objectivity is known as...a) randomnessb) reflexivity
c) blinding

c

A researcher uses blinding in a research study. The research study is... a) qualitativeb) quantitative

b

Generalizability is best defined as...
a) the criterion used in quantitative studies to assess the extent to which the findings can be applied to
other groups and settings
b) the extend to which qualitative findings can be transferred to other settings
c) the process of reflecting critically on the self and of attending to personal values that could affect
data collection and interpretations of the data

a

Researchers primarily rely on... a) grey literatureb) secondary sourcesc) primary sources

c

Using the bibliography of a recent relevant reference to find earlier related studies is known as: a) descendancy approachb) use of reference databasec) ancestry approach
d) literature review

c

CINAHL is an example of: a) a research database b) grey literaturec) a primary source
d) a journal

a

Boolean operators can be used... a) to broaden a searchb) to combine searchesc) to restrict a search
d) all of the above

d

Generalizability themes ask questions such as...a) what is the pattern of the evidence?b) what methods have been used to address the question? c) to what populations does the evidence apply?

c

Substantive themes ask questions such as...a) what is the pattern of the evidence?b) what methods have been used to address the question? c) to what populations does the evidence apply?

a

Methodologic themes ask questions such as...a) what is the pattern of the evidence?b) what methods have been used to address the question? c) to what populations does the evidence apply?

b

The primary focus of a literature review is...a) to evaluate the quality of the evidenceb) to compare the cost-effectiveness of an intervention c) to identify important themesd) to test hypotheses

c

Theories...a) typically use few wordsb) visually represent relationships among phenomenac) conceptual foundation of a research studyd) a generalization that describes and explains how phenomena are related

d

A visual summary of complex ideas is... a) a modelb) a frameworkc) a theory
d) a study

a

True or false: frameworks are more common in qualitative research than quantitative

true

A theory that thoroughly describes a phenomenon, based on rich observations of it is: a) classical theoryb) descriptive theoryc) grand theory
d) middle-range theory

b

A theory that attempts to explain large aspects of human experiences is: a) classical theoryb) descriptive theoryc) grand theory
d) middle-range theory

c

A middle-ranged theory...
a) focuses on a specific aspect of human experience; is more specific and more amenable to empirical
testing
b) is an abstract generalization that systematically explains relationships among phenomena
c) focuses on broad aspects of the human experience
d) is a theory that has not yet been proved

a

True or false: both theories and conceptual models can be represented in a schematic model

true

True or false: theories and conceptual models can be proven

false

Which of the following is NOT one of the four concepts central to models of nursing? a) human beingsb) environmentc) disease
d) health e) nursing

c

A problem statement...a) uses the problem to make an argument to conduct a new study b) is the summary of an overall goalc) describes a puzzling, perplexing, or troubling condition

a

The summary of an overall goal is... a) the statement of purposeb) the problem statementc) the research problem

a

Research questions...a) are the specific queries the researcher wants to answerb) are the researcher's predictions about relationships among variables c) articulate the research problemd) are formed after the study has already been conducted

a

True or false: qualitative studies are undertaken because the researcher wants to expand their knowledge on well understood phenomenon

false

A researcher uses words such as "describe", "discover" and "explore" in her statement of purpose. The researcher is conducting a...a) qualitative studyb) mixed-method study
c) quantitative study d) multisite study

a

A direct re-wording of statements of purpose in a question form is: a) the hypothesis statementb) the problem statementc) the research question

c

In qualitative studies, research questions often pose queries linked to the research tradition. If a researcher is posing a meaning question, they are likely following what kind of research tradition? a) grounded theoryb) phenomenologyc) ethnography

b

"Participants who get \>8 hours of uninterrupted sleep per night will score higher on the N231.21 midterm." This is a:a) directional hypothesisb) problem statement
c) nondirectional hypothesis d) prediction

a

The null hypothesis...a) expresses the predicted relationship of variables b) is the same as a research hypothesisc) is used only in qualitative studiesd) expresses the absence of a relationship

d

"Through this study, we have proved that smoking causes lung cancer." What is wrong with this statement?a) hypotheses cannot be provedb) smoking does not cause lung cancer
c) the statement does not provide the study type d) there is nothing wrong with this statement

a

An ethical dilemma in research...a) does not existb) occurs when the rights of study participants are in conflict with study requirements c) occurs when the researchers do not feel comfortable conducting the studyd) occurs when the hypothesis is rejected

b

Which of the following is NOT one of the ethical principles of the Belmont Report? select all that apply a) beneficenceb) non-maleficencec) respect for human dignity
d) justice e) equality

d,e

A researcher is attempting to design his study to minimize harm to participants and maximizing the benefits. The researcher is adhering to:a) the principle of justiceb) the principle of respect for human dignity
c) the principle of beneficenced) the principle of non-maleficence e) all of the above

c

By respecting human dignity, researchers:a) provide full disclosure with the absence of coercion b) distribute benefits and burdens of research equally c) provide confidentialityd) protect participants from being exploited or harmed

a

A researcher ensures that the research is not more intrusive than it needs to be and that privacy is maintained. The researcher is adhering to:a) the principle of justiceb) the principle of respect for human dignity
c) the principle of beneficenced) the principle of non-maleficence e) all of the above

a

Which of the following is NOT a core principle of TCPS 2? a) respect for personsb) beneficencec) concern for welfare
d) justicee) these are all principles of TCPS 2

b

True or false: once a participant has agreed to participate in a study, he/she cannot opt out.

false

Process consent:a) is renegotiated over timeb) is seen in quantitative studiesc) is used for self-administration questionnaires

a

Which of the following populations is NOT considered vulnerable subjects that require special protections?a) those with cognitive impairmentsb) college students
c) pregnant womend) patients with Alzheimer'se) childrenf) these are all vulnerable groups

f