Chemistry is Life - Biology

Honors Biology

Where is the proton located, w/ the charge?

Location: nucleus
Charge: Positive (+)

Where is the neutron located, w/ the charge?

Location: nucleus
Charge: Neutral (0)

Where the is electron located, w/ the charge?

Location: electron cloud/outside of nucleus
Charge: Negative (−)

Protons is the same number as the __

electrons

Atomic Number

# of protons in atom

Mass Number

# of prtons & neutrons in the atom

Elements

pure substances - one chemical

Isotope

unstable atom with more neutrons that usual

radioactive isotype

radiates due to a surplus of neutrons

Compound

2+ elements bonded

Molecule

group of atoms held by chemical bonds

First three levels of electrons?

1. 2

2. 8

3. 8

Stable atom

When the outer electron level is full. Atoms want to achieve this.

Ionic bond

most likely bond by metal and a nonmetal. the metal gives their electrons to the nonmetals

Cation

Positive

Anion

negative

Covalent bond

chemical bonds. these bonds share pairs of electrons

What are the two types of covalent bonds?

nonpolar & polar

polar molecule

molecules w/ unequal distribution of electrical changes. partially negative, and partially positive, like water molecules.

In a hydrogen bond, which element is partially positive?

hydrogen

In a hydrogen bond, which element is partially negative?

oxygen

Cohesion

attraction by the same molecules

Surfance tension

water molecules resisting external forces

adhesion

attraction by different molecules

Capillarity

movement of liquid thought cohesion and adhesion

High Heat Capacity

absorbing large amount of energy by heat with small or no changes in temperature

Density

compactness of a substance

Why does ice float over water?

Density of ice is less dense that liquid water.

Solvent

large # of substances dissolved by a material

Mixture

two or more materials, elements, or compounds that are physically mixed, but not physically combined or chemically

Solution

ions becoming dispered in a material

Solute

The substance that is dissolved

Solvent

The substance that the solute is dissolved in

High heat of vaporization

How much heat is pulled from a surface when a substance evaporates

Suspension

mixture of water with a substance that cannot be dissolved in water

ph scale

scale w/ values that measures H+ ions

scale ranges from

0-14

Hydroxide Ion

-OH

Hydronium Ion

H3O

hydrogonium

when the # of hydrogen ions is greater than hydroxide ions, positive

Hydroxide

more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions

in the pH scale, where are the acids? what number is the strongest acid

left side, 0

in the pH scale, where are the bases? what number is the strongest bases

right side, 14

ph scale is measured in what quantity?

logarithmic scale

what # on the ph scale is neutral

7

Organic compound

any compund that has carbon

What type of covalent bonds can carbon form?

single, double, & triple

What does a hydroxyl/alcohol function group look like?

ends w/ -OH

Polar molecules are hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophilic, meaning soluble in water

Carbonyl group

carbon forming a double bond with an oxygen atom

what are the two types of carbonyl groups?

aldehyde & ketone

What does an aldehyde look like?

double bond oxygen at end of chain
C-C-C=O

What does a ketone look like?

double bond oxygen in the middle of the chain (image on right)

What does a sulfhydryl/thiol group look like?

sulfur and hydrogen

memorize this lil bro

Macromolecules

large molecules formed by combining smaller molecules

4 groups of macromolecules found in living things

Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, & nucleic acid

Monomers

molecules that can react with other molecules to form larger molecules

polymer

molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds

What is the compound for carbohydrates w/ their ratio

C:H:O
1:2:1

What is the compound for Lipids w/ their ratio

C:H:O

1:1:1

What is the compound for protein w/ their ratio

C:H:O:N sometimes S

1:1:1:1

What is the compound for nucleic acid w/ their ratio

C:H:O:N:P

1:1:1:1:1

what is dehydration synthesis?

monomers linked by a chemical reaction which removes water to form macromolecules. Goes from small to big.

What is hydrolysis?

water molecule is added to break apart a polymer. Goes from big to small.

What do carbohydrates do?

1. provide energy

2. provide dietary fiber

3. important part of cell wall

Name at least one example of each:
1. monosaccharides

2. Disacchardies

3. Polysaccharied

1. Glucose, fructose, galactose

2. sucrose, lactose, maltose

3. glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin

fun fact! chitlin is found in exoskeletons

What do lipids do?

1. Provide long term energy

2. important part of cell membrane

What are the monomers of lipids?

fatty acid chains & glycerol

identify the two main parts of this lipid

1.glycerol

2. fatty acid tail

Examples of lipids

Fats, oils, waxes

Saturated fatty acid are good or bad for you?

bad

unsaturated fatty acid are good or bad for you?

good

Proteins are formed by

amino acids

what bond are in amino acids?

peptide bond

How many different amino acids are there?

20

What differentiates the amino acid? 

the “R”/side chain

Examples of protein in the body

1. Collagen

2. structural proteins

3. antibodies

4. hemoglobin

5. enzymes

Side chains can be: (type of bond)

polar

nonpolar

charged/ionic

Primary level of protein structure

Linear chain of amino acids

Secondary level of protein structure

starts to become 3d and folds due to hydrogen bonding by polypeptides

tertiary level of protein structure

3d between side chains and amino acids

hydrophobic interactions

covalent bonds are formed

quaternary level of protein structure

association of two or more polypeptides

found in a few proteins

what makes up nucleic acids

long chain of molecules called nucleotides

nucleotides

monomers of nuclear acid, has 3 basic parts

identify each nucleotide

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

2. RNA (ribonucleic acid)

What is the job of a nucleic acid?

1. store and trasmit genetic information

2. direct synthesis of new proteins

Give examples of chemical reaction

burning, rotting, rusting, ect.

After reactants, the outcome is the?

products

In the flow of energy, when energy is absorbed into the reaction, that is called

endergonic

in the flow of energy, when energy is released from the reaction, that is called

exergonic

activation energy is

minimum amount of energy needed for reactions to form products in a chemical reaction

catalyst is

substance that speeds up rate of chemical reaction.

is not consumed by reaction

enzymes

catalyst that takes place in cell walls

most enzymes are proteins

substrate

reactant of enzymes

active site

where the substrate and enzyme connect

enzyme specificity

the fact that substrates can fit into specific enzymes

what is denaturation?

when an enzyme will not work because of change of structure

identify parts of this diagram