PSY216 - EXAM I (TERMS)

what is social psychology

the scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in a social context

_____ *typically classifies people in terms of their nationality, race, socioeconomic class, and other* ***group factors****.*

sociology

_____ *typically focuses on the psychology of the* ***individual*** 

social psychology

What is the hot perspective

*emotion and motivation as determinants of thoughts and actions*

What is the cold perspective

*the role of cognition in explaining social psychological issues*

What is social cognition

*The study of how people perceive, remember, and interpret information about themselves and others*

What is behavioral genetics

*A subfield of psychology that examines the role of genetic factors in behavior* 

what is Social neuroscience

*The study of the relationship between neural and social processes*

what is Evolutionary psychology

*A subfield of psychology that uses the principles of evolution to understand human social behavior* 

What is culture

*A system of enduring meanings, beliefs, values, assumptions, institutions, and practices shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next* 

What is behavioral economics

*An interdisciplinary subfield that focuses on how psychology - particularly social and cognitive psychology - relates to economic decision making* 

What are theories

*An organized set of principles used to explain observed phenomena*

what are Hypotheses

*A testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur*

What is a conceptual variable

*The variables typically are in an abstract, general form*

What is an operational definition

*The specific procedures for manipulating or measuring a conceptual variable* 

What is construct validity

*The extent to which the measures used in a study measure the variables they were designed to measure and the manipulations in an experiment manipulate the variables they were designed to manipulate*

What are self-report measures

*Participants disclose their thoughts, feelings, desires, and actions*

What is the bogus pipeline technique

*A procedure in which research participants are (falsely) led to believe that their responses will be verified by an infallible lie detector*

What is interrater reliability

*The degree to which different observers agree on their observations*

What is archival data

*examining existing records of past events and behaviors, such as newspaper articles, medical records, tweets or retweets on Twitter, sports statistics, profiles on dating apps, crime statistics, or hits on a website*

What is a subject variable

*A variable that characterizes preexisting differences among the participants in a study*

Random _____ concerns how individuals are selected to be in a study

*sampling*

Random _____ concerns not who is selected to be in the study but rather how participants in the study are assigned to different conditions

*assignment*

What does it mean to replicate an experiment

*to repeat the experiment and find similar results*

What is internal validity

*The degree to which there can be reasonable certainty that the independent variables in an experiment caused the effects obtained on the dependent variable* 

What is a confound

*A factor other than the independent variable that varies between the conditions of an experiment, thereby calling into question what caused any effects on the dependent variable*

What are control groups

*consists of participants who experience all of the procedures except the experimental treatment*

What are experimenter expectancy effects

*The effects produced when an experimenter’s expectations about the results of an experiment affect his or her behavior toward a participant and thereby influence the participant’s responses*

What is external validity

*The degree to which there can be reasonable confidence that the results of a study would be obtained for other people and in other situations*

_____ realism refers to the extent to which the research setting resembles the real-world setting of interest

*Mundane*

*_____ realism refers to the degree to which the experimental setting and procedures are real and involving to the participant, regardless of whether they resemble real life or not.*

*experimental*

What is deception

*In the context of research, a method that provides false information to participants* 

what is a confederate

*Accomplice of an experimenter who, in dealing with the real participants in an experiment, acts as if he or she is also a participant*

What is meta-analysis

*A set of statistical procedures used to review a body of evidence by combining the results of individual studies to measure the overall reliability and strength of a particular effects*

What is an institutional review board

*Responsible of reviewing research proposals to ensure that the welfare of participants is adequately protected*

What is informed consent

*An individual’s deliberate, voluntary decision to participate in research, based on the researcher’s description of what will be required during such participation*

What is debriefing

*A disclosure, made to participants after research procedures are completed, in which the researcher explains the purpose of the research, attempts to resolve any negative feelings, and emphasizes the scientific contribution made by the participants’ involvement*

What is the self-concept

 *The sum total of an individual’s beliefs about his or her own personal attributes*

What are self-schemas

*A belief people hold about themselves that guides the processing of self-relevant information*

What does it mean to be schematic on a trait

*a conspicuous aspect of the self-concept*

Introspection- what is it?

*a looking inward at one’s own thoughts and feelings*

What is affective forecasting

*The process of predicting how one would feel in response to future emotional events*

What is the impact bias

*people overestimate the strength and duration of their emotional reactions*

What is self-perception theory

*The theory that when internal cues are difficult to interpret, people gain self-insight by observing their own behavior*

What is the facial feedback hypothesis

*The hypothesis that changes in facial expression can lead to corresponding changes in emotion*

*_____ Motivation originates in factors within a person (engage in an activity for the sake of their own interest, the challenge, or sheer enjoyment)*

intrinsic

_____ motivation *originates in factors outside the person (engage in an activity as a means to an end, for tangible benefit)*

extrinsic

What is the overjustification effect

The tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with reward or other extrinsic factors

What is social comparison theory

*The theory that people evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves to others*

What is the two factor theory of emotion

*The theory that the experience of emotion is based on two factors: physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal*

What is an independent view of self

*the self is an entity that is distinct, autonomous, self-contained, and endowed with unique dispositions*

what is an Interdependent view of self

*the self is part of a larger network that includes one’s family, coworkers, and others with whom one is socially connected*

What is dialecticism and which cultures tend to hold this belief

*An Eastern system of thought that accepts the coexistence of contradictory characteristics within a single person*

What is self-esteem

*An affective component of the self, consisting of a person’s positive and negative self-evaluations*

What is sociometer theory

*The theory that self-esteem is a gauge that monitors our social interactions and sends us signals as to whether our behavior is acceptable to others*

what is Terror-management theory

*The theory that humans cope with the fear of their own death by constructing worldviews that help to preserve their self-esteem*

What are the self-guides

*Your ought self & your ideal self*

What is self-awareness

*self-focused attention leads people to notice self-discrepancies, thereby motivating either an escape from self-awareness or a change in behavior*

*_____ consciousness - A personality characteristic of individuals who are introspective, often attending to their own inner states*

*private*

*_____ consciousness: A personality characteristic of individuals who focus on themselves as social objects, as seen by others*

*public*

What is self-regulation

*the process by which people control their thoughts, feelings, or behavior in order to achieve a personal or social goal*

What are ironic mental processes

*at times, the harder you try to inhibit a thought, feeling, or behavior, the less likely you are to succeed*

What is the better than average effect

*it seems that people in general believe they are better, more honorable, more capable, and more compassionate*

What is Implicit egotism

*A nonconscious form of self-enhancement*

What are self-serving beliefs

*people tend to take credit for success and distance themselves from failure - all while seeing themselves as objective, not biased*

What is self-handicapping

*Behaviors designed to sabotage one’s own performance in order to provide a subsequent excuse for failure*

What is BIRGing (basking in reflected glory)

*To increase self-esteem by associating with others who are successful*

What are downward social comparisons

*The defensive tendency to compare ourselves with others who are worse off than we are*

What is the spotlight effect

*A tendency to believe that the social spotlight shines more brightly on them than it really does*

What is self-presentation

*Strategies people use to shape what others think of them*

what is Strategic self-presentation

consists of our efforts to shape others’ impressions in specific ways in order to gain influence, power, sympathy, or approval

What is ingratiation

 *describe acts that are motivated by the desire to “get along” with others and be liked*

Self-promotion

*describe acts that are motivated by a desire to “get ahead” and gain respect for one’s competence*

What is self-verification

*the desire to have others perceive us as we truly perceive ourselves*

What is a person high in self-monitoring like

*they are poised, ready, and able to modify their behavior as they move from one setting to another*

What is a person low in self-monitoring like

*they express themselves in a consistent manner from one situation to the next, exhibiting what they regard as their true and honest self*

What is social perception

*A general term for the processes by which people come to understand one another*

What is a script

 *preset notions about certain types of situations that enable us to anticipate the goals, behaviors, and outcomes likely to occur in a particular setting*

What is nonverbal behavior

*Behavior that reveals a person’s feelings without words through facial expressions, body language, and vocal cues*

What is the “anger superiority effect

*people are quicker to spot—and slower to look away from—angry faces in a crowd than faces with neutral, nonthreatening emotions*

What is attribution

*How people explain the causes of behavior* 

What is the availability heuristic?

*The tendency to estimate the likelihood that an event will occur by how easily instances of it come to mind*

What is the false consensus effect?

*The tendency for people to overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions, attributes, and behaviors*

What is the base rate fallacy?

*The finding that people are relatively insensitive to consensus information presented in the form of numerical base rates*

What is counterfactual thinking?

*The tendency to imagine alternative events or outcomes that might have occurred but did not*

What is the fundamental attribution error (FAE)?

*The tendency to focus on the role of personal causes and underestimate the impact of situations on other people’s behavior*

What is the belief in a just world and what kind of attribution pattern does it often elicit for victims of a crime?

*The belief that individuals get what they deserve in life, an orientation that leads people to belittle victims. If people cannot help or compensate the victims of misfortune, they turn on them*

What is impression formation?

*The process of integrating information about a person to form a coherent impression*

What does information integration theory propose?

*The theory that impressions are based on (1) perceiver dispositions and (2) a weighted average of a target person’s traits.*

What is priming?

*The tendency for recently used or perceived words or ideas to come to mind easily and influence the interpretation of new information*

What is the trait negativity bias?

*the tendency for negative information to weigh more heavily on our impressions than positive information*

What are implicit personality theories?

*a network of assumptions about the relationships among various types of people, traits, and behaviors*

What are central traits?

*Traits that exert a powerful influence on overall impressions.*

What is the primacy effect?

*The tendency for information presented early in a sequence to have more impact on impressions than information presented later*

What is a confirmation bias?

*The tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that verifies existing beliefs*

What is belief perseverance?

*The tendency to maintain beliefs even after they have been discredited*

What is the self-fulfilling prophecy (SFP)?

*The process by which one’s expectations about a person eventually lead that person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations*

What is a stereotype?

 *A belief or association that links a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristics*

Prejudice?

*Negative feelings toward persons based on their membership in certain groups*

Discrimination?

*Behavior directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group*