unit 5 APUSH

What was the primary motivation for westward expansion from 1844 to 1877?

Desire for access to natural and mineral resources, economic opportunities, and religious refuge.

What ideology justified the expansion of the United States to the Pacific Ocean?

Manifest Destiny, which argued for the superiority of American institutions.

How did the Civil War influence westward migration?

Legislation promoting western transportation and economic development boosted migration during and after the Civil War.

What was a significant outcome of the Mexican-American War?

The United States acquired large territories in the West, raising questions about slavery and the status of various groups in these lands.

What were the causes of the Mexican-American War?

Territorial disputes and the desire for expansion led to conflict between the U.S. and Mexico.

What was the Compromise of 1850?

A series of legislative measures aimed at resolving disputes over slavery in territories acquired from Mexico.

What regional tensions arose after the Mexican Cession?

Heated controversies over whether to allow slavery in newly acquired territories.

How did immigration from Europe and Asia affect American culture from 1844 to 1877?

Immigrants settled in ethnic communities, preserving their languages and customs, while also facing nativist opposition.

What was the nativist movement?

An anti-Catholic movement aimed at limiting the political power and cultural influence of new immigrants.

How did the North and South differ in their views on slavery?

The North relied on free labor, while the South depended on slave labor, leading to tensions over slavery's expansion.

What was the impact of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

It allowed for popular sovereignty in determining slavery in new territories, which increased sectional conflict.

What was the Dred Scott decision?

A Supreme Court ruling that denied citizenship to African Americans and declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.

What was the significance of the election of 1860?

Abraham Lincoln's victory without Southern electoral votes led to secession of slave states and the onset of the Civil War.

How did Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation change the Civil War's purpose?

It reframed the war as a struggle against slavery, helping to prevent Confederate diplomatic support from Europe.

What were the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments?

The 13th abolished slavery, the 14th granted citizenship and equal protection, and the 15th granted voting rights to African Americans.

What challenges did Reconstruction face?

Southern resistance and waning Northern resolve led to the failure of Reconstruction efforts to achieve lasting change.

What was the sharecropping system?

An exploitative system that limited land access for former slaves and poor whites, preventing economic self-sufficiency.

How did segregation and violence affect African American rights post-Reconstruction?

These factors progressively stripped away rights, although the 14th and 15th Amendments later supported civil rights advancements.

What role did the Republican Party play during the Civil War era?

It emerged as a sectional party opposing the expansion of slavery and gained support in the North.

What was the impact of the Civil War on American ideals?

Lincoln's leadership and the Emancipation Proclamation shifted the war's purpose towards fulfilling democratic ideals.

What were the political consequences of the Second Party System's decline?

The emergence of sectional parties, particularly the Republican Party, weakened traditional party loyalties.

What were the effects of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address?

It portrayed the struggle against slavery as a fulfillment of America's founding democratic ideals.

What were the short-term successes of Reconstruction?

Political opportunities for former slaves and attempts to reorder race relations in the South.

How did the balance of power between Congress and the presidency change during Reconstruction?

Efforts were made to increase Congressional power over the presidency, particularly regarding civil rights.

What were the long-term effects of the 14th and 15th Amendments?

They became the basis for future civil rights court decisions in the 20th century.