AP World (1900-Present)

Ottoman Empire collapse (Shifting power after 1900)

Internal:

-Couldn't control such a large empire

External:

-Foreign influence

Russian Empire collapse (Shifting power after 1900)

Internal:

-Lack of infrastructure

External:

-Couldn't support an efficient military

Qing dynasty in China collapse (Shifting power after 1900)

Internal:

-Danger of famine

External:

-Limited trading

Mexican Revolution causes (Shifting power after 1900)

-Growing opposition to Diaz strong armed policies

-Accommodation to foreign powers

-Opposition of land reform

Mexican Revolution effects (Shifting power after 1900)

-Madero set up revolutionary offices after escaping prisons

-Diaz sent into exile

-Redistribution of land to peasants

Cause of WWI (Causes of World War I)

Militarism:

-Aggressive military preparedness

-The continues invest and stocking up on weaponry made other countries nervous because it looks like there preparing for something

Alliance System:

-Domino effect

-Most of WWI didn't need to involve other countries but they ended up being dragged in

-Countries created enemies just because of alliances

Imperialism:

-Determination to achieve global dominance

-Fighting over land and colonies

Nationalism:

-Large feeling of self determination

Most immediate cause of WW1 (Cause of World War I)

-Assassination of Archduke Francis

Total War (Conducting World War I)

-When all of a nation's recourses go into a war effort

Propaganda (Conducting World War I)

-Communicating meant to influence the attitudes and opinions of a community around a particular subject by spreading inaccurate and slanted info

Trench Warfare (Conducting World War I)

-Dug miles of trenches

-Allowed them to hide behind something while shooting

-Wasn't as effective when gas and planes were used

-Usually resulted in stalemates

-Diseases spread (Trench Foot)

Machine Guns (Conducting World War I)

-Allowed multiple bullets to be shot at once

-Increased deadly impact of warfare

-Made it difficult to gain land

Tanks (Conducting World War I)

-Allowed to cross no man's land

-Giant metal box with wheels and giant canon

FDR's New Deal (Economy in the interwar period)

-Supposed to bring reform (to change government policies to avoid this sort of economic disaster in the future), recovery (bring the nation out of the depression through government spending), and relief (help poor individuals, minorities and women)

Fascist Corporatist Economy (Economy in the interwar period)

Italy:

-Employers, managers are all seen as separate organs for same body so as long as they work together, they can organize however

Spain:

-Popular front; land reform by energizing peasants and radicals

-Totalitarian state

Popularist governments in Brazil and Mexico (Economy in the interwar period)

Mexico:

-One strong political party called the PRI

-Access to education, jobs created through improving infrastructure

-Improved economy by nationalizing oil

Brazil:

-Slow shift from agricultural to an industrial economy

-Land owners dominated economy

-Taken over by Getvilo Vargas who promoted democracy

-Vargas slowly withdrew rights

Stalin's Five-Year Plan (Economy in the interwar period)

-Created by Joseph Stalin

-Was indented to take the USSR and turn into an industrial power

-Collectivized agriculture

-Peasants were forced to grow certain amounts

-Peasants starved to death

-Utilized Gulags

League of Nations Mandate System (Unresolved Tensions after World War I)

How was territory gained:

-They promised areas self determination and authority to self rule

What was the resulting situation of imperial control:

-Many areas joined the Allies power

-Many of the groups never achieved self determination which caused conflicts

Manchuko/Greater East Asia Co-prosperity sphere (Unresolved Tensions after World War I)

How was territory gained:

-Seizing and invading land

What was the resulting situation of imperial control:

-Led to 2nd Sino Japanese War

-Many areas were conquered

-Japan conquered Philippines, Dutch East Indies, and numerous Pacific Islands

Indian National Congress (Unresolved Tensions after World War I)

-Peacfull protest

-Ghandi

-Salt March

-Home Spun Movement

-Educated Indian Officials led

Causes of World War II (Causes of WWII)

Treaty of Versailles:

-Hitler broke agreement about invading Rhineland

-Britian Gave into appeasement which resulted in Britian being conquered

Ineffectiveness of the League of Nations:

-Didn't have a military to send into enforce there descions

-Many areas just left after sanctions were placed on them (Ex: Germany and Italy)

Great Depression:

-Economic instability which resulted in poverty

-Rise of extremist/totalitarian regimes because of the weakness of these areas from the Depression

-Correlation between Nationalist decreases

-Some areas militarized to improve economy which caused problems

Countries Imperialist Aspirations:

-Tensions over land

-Desire to have a specific colony because they have something like recourses

-As countries saw others invading areas, they began to militarize which caused problems

Rise of totalitarian regime:

-Due to Great Depression people were weak and desperate

-Leaders like Adolf Hitler broke peace agreement like Treaty of Versailles which escalated tensions

Munich Conference and policy of appeasement:

-By giving into Hitlers demands they gave him land and power which enabled him to become more powerful

How did Fascist governments mobilize their people for war (Conducting World War II)

-Consolidate their power

-Suppressive descent

-Hyper nationalistic/ militarized society

-Propaganda

-Fear and Coercing

How did Nationalist governments mobilize their people for war (Conducting World War II)

-Glorification of the Nation

-Enemy creation

-Symbols and rituals

-Propaganda

-Moral and religious justification

How did communist governments mobilize their people for war (Conducting World War II)

-Appeal to revolutionary ideas

-Unity among peasants and worker

-State control of info

-Centralized economic planning

-Surveillance and fear

Blitz (Conducting World War II)

-Fast and strategic warfare

-Utilized by Germans

-Utilized planes, tanks, and other technology

U-Boats (Conducting World War II)

-Submarine like

-Used to bomb a civilian ship and broke free seas

Atomic Weapons (Conducting World War II)

-Used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

-Mass casualties

-Radiation

-Arms race created

Armenian Genocide (Mass Atrocities after 1900)

-1915 to 1917

-Located in the Ottoman

-Victims were Armenian Christians

-Causes by Ottoman suspicion that Armenian were cooperated with Russia

-Turkey still denies it occurs

Ukranian Genocide (Conducting World War II)

-1932 to 1933

-Located in Ukraine

-3 to 7 million Ukrainians dead

-Causes by policies of forced collectivization, and grain requesting aimed at obtaining Ukraine

Why did the Soviet and the U.S. emerge as superpowers following WW2 (Setting the stage for the Cold War and Decolonization)

Economic reasons:

-Wartime Economy

-Economic boom post war

Technological reasons:

-Wartime technology development

-Aircraft innovations

Space Race (The Cold War)

Soviet Union:

-Launched first official satellite

-Launched first human into space

-Loss to the Americans to get first person on the moon

United States:

-Launched second artificial satellite

-Launched the second person ever into space

-Beat Russians to the moon

Arms Race (The Cold War)

Soviet Union:

-The Russians ended the U.S. monopoly on atomic bombs

-The USSR placed missiles in Cuba which almost started a war

-Salt treaties: Agreed to not stockpile nuclear weapons

United States:

-First country to develop and use nuclear bombs

-The U.S. found missiles in Cuba which almost started a war

Democracy V.S. Authoritarianism (The Cold War)

Soviet Union:

-Based around a communist POV and often limited rights and most things were government run

United States:

-Based on a democratic system that holds open elections and practice rights

Non-Aligned movement (The Cold War)

-During WWII many countries realized the Domino effect alliances had so they decided to remain neutral to avoid conflicts

-These areas included many African and Asian communities who just won their independence

Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa (The Cold War)

-Protester were mainly black

-Urged businesses not to do business with South Africa till African gain rights

-Organized strikes, protests, and purposeful civil disobedience

Tiananmen Square Protest (The Cold War)

-Protesters wanted more political freedom from the Chinese Communist party

-Movement was fueled by intellectuals, students and workers

NATO (Effects of Cold War)

-Alliance in favor of a democratic/capitalistic government

-Included Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britian, Iceland, and more

Warsaw Pact (Effects of Cold War)

-Alliance in favor of communism

-Supported by Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, and Romania and more

Korean Proxy War (Effects of Cold War)

-Located in Korea

-1950 to 1953

-Major state combatants include North Korea, South Korea, America, and Russia

-Caused by North Korea invading South Korea even after they were separated

-North Korea (communist) and South Korea (democratic) still divided and 4 million civilian and army casualties

Vietnam Proxy War (Effects of Cold War)

-Located in Vietnam

-1954 to 1959

-Major state combatants include South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and United States

-Caused by cold war tensions, North Korea wanted unified communist state, but South Korea doesn't

-After years of fighting they sign Paris Peace Accords

-Vietnam Unified under Communism

Afghanistan Proxy War (Effects of Cold War)

-Located in Afghanistan

-1979 to 1989

-Major state combatants include Soviet Union, United States, Pakistan, and Afghanistan

-Caused by soviet desire to support communism

-USSR pulled out to avoid mass casualties

-Rise of Taliban

-Communist government collapses

Causes of Chinese Communist Revolution (Spread of Communism after 1900)

-Internal tensions; Communist and Nationalist began fighting over land

-Japanese aggression; Japanese invaded China leading to both communist and nationalist to focus on fighting Japan

Result of Chinese Communist Revolution (Spread of Communism after 1900)

-Mao Zedong; Leader of the communist party, won support because of promises to make reform, and helped establish people's republic of China

-Great Leap Foward; Land reform in which land was organized into communes by government which resulted in 20 million dead

-Cultural Revolution; Used Red Guards to round up intellectuals and attempted to rejuvenate Chinese Communism

Mohandas Ghandi (Decolonization after 1900)

-Created Muslim League by advocating for separate state for Muslims and Hindus

-Uses very peaceful tactics

-Inspired Home Spun Movement, and Salt March

Jomo Kenyatta (Decolonization after 1900)

-Formed Kenyan African National Union

-Political activism, nationalistic movements, and diplomatic efforts

-Becomes first president of Kenya

Indians' negotiation for independence (Decolonization after 1900)

-Peacfull protest

-Salt March

-Home Spun Movement

-Against British

-Civil disobedience

Ghana's negotiation for independence (Decolonization after 1900)

-Kwame Nkrumah used nationality movements and helped to national narrative by creating a flag, anthem and establishment of museums

-Used Pan Africanism to unite

-Founded organization of African unity

Vietnams independence through armed struggle (Decolonization after 1900)

-Ho Chi Minh appealed to the people under communism using nationalism

-Warfare using guerilla warfare

-American Involvement increases

Congo/Algeria independence through armed struggle (Decolonization after 1900)

-The National Liberation front led Algerians to victory

-Fought using Guerilla techniques

Pan-Arabism challenging colonial rule (Nasser)

-Became member of Arab League

-Used Pan Arabism

-Promoted cultural and political unity against colonizers

-Nasser seized the Suez Canal and Nationalized it

Biafra challenging colonial rule (Decolonization after 1900)

-Declared independence

-Military resistance against British

-Nigerian Blockade led to mass starvation bringing attention to colonial economic polices

Rwanda challenging colonial rule (Decolonization after 1900)

-Hutu Revolution

-Abolition of Tutsi monarchy

Redrawing political boundaries forming new states (Newly Independant States)

-Indian (Hindu)

-Pakistan (Muslim)

-Bangladesh

Population Displacement due to redrawing of colonial boundaries by the British (Newly Independant States)

British India:

-Redraw Indian and Pakistani border

-Partition led to mass displacement and resettlement of Hindus and Muslims

British Mandate for Palestine:

-Redraw Israel and surrounding Arab States

-Establishment of the state of Israel, following the end of the British Mandate resulted in the displacement of Palestinians

India Independance (Newly Independant States)

-Leader was Jawaharlal Nehru

-Mixed economy with centralized planning

-Five year plans

Investment in leavy industry

Kenyan Independance (Newly Independant States)

-Leader Jomo Kenyatta

-Africanization

-State capitalism

-Encouraged local businesses ownership

-Land distribution

Al-Qaeda violence against civilians to promote political aims (Newly Independant States)

-Created in 1988

-Located in Afghanistan and Pakistan

-Based on strict interpretation of Sharia Law

-Often used assassinations, bombings, and limiting civil rights

-Women lost large amounts of rights

U.S. military and technological development leading to the end of the Cold War and the Soviet Union (End of the Cold War)

-Limited nuclear power use

-S.A.L.T: Limiting the amount of nuclear goods that can be created

-Soviets couldn't keep up with the bomb making

-Soviets economy was going downhill

Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan leading to the end of the Cold War and the Soviet Union (End of the Cold War)

-Drained Soviet economy

-The Afghan fiercely resisted because of support from the U.S.

-The loss of the war lead to internal dissatisfaction

Public opinion and economic weakness in communist countries leading to the end of the Cold War and the Soviet Union (End of the Cold War)

-Soviet challenging economy because of burden of military spending

-Perestroika: Aimed to reform economy but it backfired

-Glasnost: Allowed freedom of speech allowing individuals to criticize the government

Internet (Advances in Technology and Exchange after 1900)

-Reduced the problem of geographical distance

-Allowed people to access the web

-Television and advertisement were utilized

Cellular Phone (Advances in Technology and Exchange after 1900)

-Reduced the problem of Geographical distance

-Sites like Twitter, and Facebook connected individuals

-Allowed videos of inequalities to be recorded

-People were able to discuss opinions

Airplanes (Advances in Technology and Exchange after 1900)

-Reduced the problem of Geographical distance

-Shorter quicker trips

-Could hold large amounts of goods that couldn't pass through canals

Nuclear energy (Advances in Technology and Exchange after 1900)

-Raised productivity and increased production of goods

-Used to create first nuclear bombs

-Utilized to generate electricity for fractures and homes

-Nuclear power plants utilized

Solar Energy (Advances in Technology and Exchange after 1900)

-Raised productivity and increased production of goods

-Supply energy to industrialize homes

-More economically friendly

-Only 5% of energy output

Petroleum (Advances in Technology and Exchange after 1900)

-Raised productivity and increased production of goods

-Helped fuel industrial output

-Increased productivity of machinery

-Increase in atmospheric problems

Effect of Birth Control (Advances in Technology and Exchange after 1900)

Woman:

-Fertility rates decrease

-Fewer babies

-Still utilize pill to this day

Society:

-Less children

-Decrease in population

Green Revolution (Advances in Technology and Exchange after 1900)

-Long term response to hunger

-Engineered crops with higher yields, draught and flood resistance crops, and built in pesticides

-Genetic engineering

-Cross breeding crops

Chemical Fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides (Advances in Technology and Exchange after 1900)

-Created during Green Revolution

-Helped crops not be eaten by bugs

-Sprayed chemicals on plants---->Health problems

Advanced Irrigation/Land management (Advances in Technology and Exchange after 1900)

-Used drip water systems and efficiently used water

-Transformed land that was originally unfarmable to land that was farmable

Vaccines (Advances in Technology and Exchange after 1900)

-Prevents deadly diseases

-Polio and Measels became rare to vaccines

-Prevented mumps, measles, and whooping cough

Transplants (Advances in Technology and Exchange after 1900)

-Skin graphing was used by the Indians

-Surgeons created more vascular procedures

-First transplant done in 1954

Antibiotic (Advances in Technology and Exchange after 1900)

-Discovered by Alexander Flemming

-Flemming discovered Penselin

-Used during WWII saving lives of soldiers

-Antibiotics fueled the evolution of strands of a disease

Malaria (Technology and Limitations: Disease)

-Poverty related disease

-Spread by mosquitoes

-Prevalent in tropical areas

-Killed more than 600,00 kids each year

Tuberculosis (Technology and Limitations: Disease)

-Poverty related disease

-Airborne disease which affects the lungs

-Caught by coughing or sneezing

-A new strain was created resistant to the vaccine

AIDS (Technology and Limitations: Disease)

-Starts with HIV and then AIDS

-25 million killed

-Weakens immune system

-Contracted through bodily fluids

-Prevalent in African communities

SARS (Technology and Limitations: Disease)

-Emerged in China around 2003

-Emerged in animals

-Causes phenomena

Heart Disease (Technology and Limitations: Disease)

-Increased longevity and changing lifestyles

-Most common cause of death

-Other ways to treat like replacing valves

Alzheimer's (Technology and Limitations: Disease)

-Increased longevity and changing lifestyles

-Form of dementia

-Leads to forgetting loved ones

-Leads to death

Deforestation (Technological Advances: Debates about the Environment)

-Land used for agricultural reasons

-Desire for land to raise cattle

-Need for natural recourses

Desertification (Technological Advances: Debates about the Environment)

-Overgrazing

-Unsustainable farm practices

-Urbanization and infrastructure

Increased consumption of fresh water and clean air (Technological Advances: Debates about the Environment)

-Agricultural expansion

-Industrial growth

-Wasteful practices

Greenhouse Gasses (Technological Advances: Debates about the Environment)

-Consequence of Climate Change

-Depletion of Ozone layer

-Air based animals affected

IMF (Economics in the Global Age)

-Internal Monetary Fund

-Produces loans, financial assistance

-Advocates for free market through economic liberation

WTO (Economics in the Global Age)

-World Trade Organization

-Reduced tariffs

-Removed trade barriers

-Pushes nations to trade

ASEAN (Economics in the Global Age)

-Association of Southeast Asian Nations

-Lifted restrictions on trade

-Tariffs eliminated

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Calls for reform and response after 1900)

-Promotes equality, dignity, and freedom

-Influences Human rights Violations

-Adopted by the United Nations

How did Apartheid challenge previously held assumptions (Calls for reform and response after 1900)

-Exposed racial segregation and discrimination

-Through figures like Nelson Mandela who helped to prove that racial ideologies and hierarchy's can be brought down using peace

How did Caste Protest challenge previously held assumptions (Calls for reform and response after 1900)

-Challenged assumptions that caste is fixed and unchangeable system, showing that activism can drive legal reforms and change

-Movements like Dalit activism brought attention to oppression

How did the Global Feminist Movements challenge previously held assumptions (Calls for reform and response after 1900)

-Disproved idea that women's rights were secondary to civil rights

-Political representation is crucial, pushing for women's participation in governance

How did Liberation Technology challenge previously hold assumptions (Calls for reform and response after 1900)

-Rejected idea that poverty was inevitable

-Challenged assumptions that religion should remain separate from Social Justice

Greenpeace movement (Calls for reform and response after 1900)

-Enviromental Protest Movement

-Known for nonviolent activism like blocking whaling ships

-Exposes illegal logging expeditions in forest

Anti-IMF activism (Resistance to Globalization after 1900)

Critical of:

-Neo liberal Economic policies

-Corporate influence

-Enviromental concerns

Weibo in China (Resistance to Globalization after 1900)

Critical of:

-Media censorship

-Corporate influence

-Social movements and resistance

Amnesty International (Institutions developing in a globalized world)

-Formed to keep peace

-Human rights advocacy

-Legal and policy influence

-Support for refugees and displaced communities

Greenbelt Movement (Institutions developing in a globalized world)

-Formed to keep peace

-Enviromental restoration

-Advocacy for human rights

-Global partnerships

UNESCO (Institutions developing in a globalized world)

-Formed to keep peace

-Cultural preservation

-Freedom of expression

-Intercultural dialouge