CEE 2. Pcol (Autonomics)

central nervous system

command center of the body

voluntary

The somatic nervous system is responsible for ___ control

involuntary

The autonomic nervous system regulates ___ functions of the body

one-neuron

The somatic nervous system typically involves a ___ system, meaning that the motor neurons directly innervate the target skeletal muscles

two-neuron system

The autonomic nervous system is a ___ system

preganglionic, postganglionic

The autonomic nervous system consists of _____ and _____.

cranial nerves and the sacral region of the spinal cord

ORIGIN: parasympathetic

thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

ORIGIN: sympathetic

neurotransmitter

Neurons can be classified based on the ___ they use or produce to transmit signals to other neurons or target cells

short, long

SYMPATHETIC: ___ preganglionic and ___ postganglionic (length)

long, short

PARASYMPATHETIC: ___ preganglionic and ___ postganglionic (length)

Near the Spinal Cord

SYMPATHETIC: Location of the Ganglion

Near the effector / target organs

PARASYMPATHETIC: Location of the Ganglion

Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine

SYMPATHETIC: ___ preganglionic and ___ postganglionic (neurotransmitter)

Acetylcholine, Acetylcholine

PARASYMPATHETIC: ___ preganglionic and ___ postganglionic (neurotransmitter)

Nicotinic-Neural

SYMPA- & PARASYMPA- THETIC: receptors (Ganglion)

Adrenergic (Alpha, Beta, Dopamine)

SYMPATHETIC: receptors (ganglion)

Cholinergic (Muscarinic, Nicotinic)

PARASYMPATHETIC: receptors (ganglion)

Dopamine

simplest catecholamine

neuromuscular junction

___ is a specialized synapse where a motor neuron communicates with a skeletal muscle fiber

synaptic cleft

neuromuscular cleft aka “___“

neuromuscular cleft

is the small gap or space between the presynaptic terminal of the motor neuron and the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber

first functional group

PRINCIPLE: count carbon from the ___

hydroxylation

what reaction happens in the conversion of Tyrosine to Dopa?

Decarboxylation

what reaction is happening during Dopa to Dopamine?

Alpha 1

What receptor is responsible for vasoconstriction in sympathetic nervous system?

cell-eating

exocytosis aka “___”

faster

exocytosis is (slower/faster) than endocytosis

large

exocytosis is used in (small/large) molecules, such as hormone

exocytosis

PROCESS: once action potential reaches pre-synaptic neuron, it triggers the opening of calcium channels, thus increasing the intracellular calcium in the body, triggering the release of NE

pre-synaptic **cleft**, post-synaptic **receptor**, post-synaptic **neuron**

PROCESS: exocytosis - released in the ____ where it can bind to the ____ found in the ____

intracellular calcium

increase in ___ triggers exocytosis

cocaine, tricyclic anti-depressant

NE reuptake is inhibited by ___

1. Synthesis
2. Storage
3. Release
4. Termination

Biosynthetic Pathway of NE

the entry of Tyrosine in the presynaptic neuron

PROCESS: Norepinephrine synthesis starts with ___

sodium tyrosine symporter

PROCESS: Norepinephrine synthesis is achieved through the use of ___

tyrosine hydroxylase

PROCESS: Once Tyrosine is inside the pre-synaptic neuron, it is acted upon by ___

blue cheese, wine

tyramine is contraindicated with the foods __ and __

metyrosine

tyrosine hydroxylase is inhibited by

rate-limiting

tyrosine hydroxylase is the ___ step in NE synthesis

hypertension

Cocaine side-effect is ___ because of the excess NE, triggering adrenal receptors

skin necrosis

cocaine also causes

Reserpine

PROCESS: NE storage is inhibited by

*Rauwolfia serpentina*

Reserpine plant source

* Bretylium
* Guanethidine

PROCESS: NE release is inhibited by

1. diffusion to other parts
2. reuptake through the use of NE transporter

PROCESS: NE termination (2 ways)

dopamine beta-hydroxylase

what converts DA to NE?

phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase

what enzyme catalyzes NE to EP?

adrenal medulla

___ is responsible for the production and release of epinephrine

adrenal glands

The adrenal medulla, which is the inner part of the ___ located on top of the kidneys

crescent/triangular

shape of adrenal medulla

bark, outer layer

cortex from adrenal cortex means “___” or “___”

adrenal cortex

composed of three distinct layers or zones, and each layer produces different hormones

1. Zona glomerulosa
2. Zona fasciculata
3. Zona reticularis

what are the hormones in the adrenal cortex?

1. Aldosterone
2. Cortisol
3. Sex hormones

roles of hormones in sodium balance

zona glomerulosa

Aldosterone is a hormone primarily produced in the ___ of the adrenal cortex

zona fasciculata

Cortisol (corticosteroid) is produced in the ___ of the adrenal cortex

zona reticularis

Sex hormones (androgens) is produced in the ___ of the adrenal cortex

hemicholinum

PARASYMPATHETIC: synthesis (-)

vesamicol

PARASYMPATHETIC: storage (-)

botulinum toxin

PARASYMPATHETIC: release (-)

organophosphates, carbamates

PARASYMPATHETIC: termination

metyrosine

SYMPATHETIC: synthesis (-)

reserpine

SYMPATHETIC: storage (-)

guanidine, bretylium

SYMPATHETIC: release (-)

amphetamine, tyrosine

SYMPATHETIC: release (+)

TCA, cocaine, MAOi, COMTi

SYMPATHETIC: termination

Pheochromocytoma

a rare neuroendocrine tumor that usually arises from too much adrenaline

increase in VMA urine

Pheochromocytoma = increase in EPI = ___

Vasoconstrictors and Nasal Decongestants

alpha 1 - Agonists as ___ and ___

Antagonists

alpha 1 - ___ for Treatment of Hypertension

Agonists

alpha 2 - ___ for Treatment of Hypertension

Hypertension, Angina, Cardiac Arrhythmias

beta 1 - Blockers for Treatment of ___, ___, and Certain ___

Asthma, Premature Labor

beta 2 - Agonists for Treatment of ___ and ___

\-zosin

many alpha 1 antagonist ends in “___”

Methyldopa

gestational hypertension is managed by ___

chlonidine

DOC for emergency low blood pressure

effector tissues: smooth muscles, glands

RECEPTOR LOCATION of alpha-1

nerve endings, some smooth muscle

RECEPTOR LOCATION of alpha-2

cardiac muscle, juxtaglomerular apparatus

RECEPTOR LOCATION of beta-1

smooth muscle, liver, heart

RECEPTOR LOCATION of beta-2

adipose cells, bladder

RECEPTOR LOCATION of beta-3

tachycardia

chromotropy (rate) leads to ___

bradychardia

enotropy (force) leads to ___

beta

4’ OH is more important for ___ activity

alpha

3’ OH is more important for ___ activity

3’ 4’ diOH (near)

___ for both alpha and beta agonist activity is metabolized by COMT

poor solubility, short DOA

3’ 4’ diOH (near) leads to ___

3’ 5’ diOH (far)

(decreased) degradation by COMT

increased absorption, oral activity, DOA

3’ 5’ diOH (far) leads to ___

* increase beta activity
* decrease alpha activity

increasing the size of R1 will ___ & ___

R2 substitution on C2

small alkyl groups tolerated

Isoxsuprine

tocolytic drug (beta-2 receptor) for preventing pre-term contraction

\-olol

beta-1 (cardioselective beta blockers) ends in “___” except N…

chicken feet

off-paper: tertiary butyl looks like

MAO

R1 is mainly for ___

COMT

R2 is mainly for ___

1. t-butyl
2. 3’ and 5’ diOH
3. 3’ CH2OH

↑ beta activity (manifestations)

Epinephrine

Drug for allergy

bronchodilation (beta-2 adrenergic), vasoconstriction (alpha-1 adrenergic receptor)

PRINCIPLE: why Epinephrine for allergy?