Chapter 4 Bio

What four things do all cells have?

Plasma membrane, chromosome (DNA), cytoplasm, ribosomes.

What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells regarding their structure?

Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler; eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles.

Which type of cell evolved first?

Prokaryotic cells.

Which type of cell contains a nucleus and organelles?

Eukaryotic cells.

Give two examples of organisms that have prokaryotic cells.

Bacteria and Archaeans.

List four examples of organisms that have eukaryotic cells.

Animals, plants, fungi, protists.

What is a ribosome?

Complexes that make proteins, can be free or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

What is an organelle?

Membrane-enclosed compartments within a cell that carry out specialized functions such as energy transfer and materials recycling. Examples include chloroplasts, mitochondria, and the Golgi complex

What is the main function of the plasma membrane?

Acts as a selective barrier, regulating material exchange between the cell and its environment. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrate chains.

What is the function of the nucleus?

Houses the cell's DNA and controls growth, metabolism, and reproduction. It contains the nucleolus, where ribosomal RNA is synthesized.

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

Provides structural support, maintains cell shape, and facilitates movement of organelles and cell mobility through structures like cilia and flagella.

What is the function of mitochondria?

Extract energy from food and transform it into ATP.

What do lysosomes do?

Break down worn-out cellular structures and foreign materials. They digest these materials and return the molecular components to the cytoplasm for further use.

What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Production of proteins synthesized by ribosomes attached to its surface.

What are the two main functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies harmful substances.

What are the main functions of the Golgi apparatus?

Processes, sorts, and ships proteins; modifies proteins by trimming sugars or adding phosphate groups.

What organelles are only present in plant cells?

Cell wall (structural support), chloroplasts (photosynthesis), and central vacuole (stores nutrients and waste).

Which type of cell contains organisms that can be either unicellular or multicellular?

Eukaryotic