GLACIERS - FULL TOPIC

Biggest conflcit in Lake District

Farmers vs tourists

Other groups that could conflict

Locals vs tourists

Conservation vs hunting/quarrying/forestry etc

Forestry vs farming

Solution to tourists not abiding by the Outdoor Code

Signs and educating tourists

Solutions for traffic congestion

Public transport, parking payment, one way systems

Solutions for footpath erosion

Volunteers maintain paths with local materials (fix the fells)

Solutions for overflowing bins

Taking away bins to encourage people to take litter home

Solution for noise and air pollution

Public transport to reduce car numbers

Solutions for closed services due to second home owners not being permanent residents

Mobile services and second home tax

Glenriddig zip wire conflict between who?

Tourism industry vs locals

Glenriddig zip wire conflict: how many people for / against

13 people for, 324 people against

Glenriddig zip wire conflict: % of people against

96%

Why were people against the Glenriddig zip wire

Could drive away tourists seeking peace and quiet

Building could damage ecosystems

Why were people for the Glenriddig zip wire

Economic opportunity

Where were the first 3 wind turbines in the Lake District built

Summit between Ambleside, Troutbeck and Ullswater

Name of the pub benefitted by the Lake District wind turbines

Kirkstone Pass

How much did the wind turbines in the Lake District cost

£135,000

Why were people against the Lake District wind turbines

They would be alien and ugly

National Trust opinions on the Lake District wind turbines

had concerns, but were in favour for the upkeep of the pub

Why were people for the Lake District wind turbines

Reduces the cost of the Kirkstone Pass getting heating and light, allowing it to stay open

When did the Lake District gain National Park status?

1951

Where is the Lake District located?

North West England

What is the Lake District famous for (summary)

Lakes, mountains, activities, monuments, authors, villages

What are the famous lakes in the Lake District?

Windermere, Ullswater

What are the famous peaks in the Lake District?

Helvellyn, Scafell Pike

What are the famous scenic villages in the Lake District?

Ambleside, Grasmere

What are the famous authors in the Lake District?

Beatrix Potter, William Wordsworth

What are the famous monuments in the Lake District?

Ravenglass, Muncaster Castle

What are the famous activities in the Lake District?

fishing, watersports, hiking, rock climbing

Social impacts of tourism in the Lake District

Impacts 40,000 locals

Over 89% of visitors arrive by car = traffic congestion

High house pricing - 20% = holiday rental or second homes

Tourism jobs are seasonal, unreliable and poorly paid

Economic impacts of tourism in the Lake District

Tourists spent nearly £1000 million

Provides jobs for thousands

Traffic congestion slows down business communication

Environmental impacts of tourism in the Lake District

Traffic congestion = CO₂ fumes

Overcrowding, litter and footpath erosion

Verge damage by cars

Traffic congestion management in the Lake District

Public transport is sustainable

Dual carriageways

Transport hubs eg. Ambleside

Speed bumps in villages

Footpath erosion management in the Lake District

Fix the Fells - scheme to clear footpaths

Local resources are used

However not sustainable as paths need constant attention

Economic development vs conservation in the Lake District

Conservation should be more important but both are managed simultaneously

How many tourists visited the Lake District in 2014?

14.8 million

Freeze-thaw weathering

Water expands into ice in cracks, making cracks bigger

Freeze-thaw weathering summary

Water seeps into cracks

Water = freeze = ice

Water—> ice = expands

Cycle repeats and cracks get bigger

Plucking

Meltwater freezes around rocks and ice pulls the rock away

Abrasion

Sandpaper friction effect of rock on rock at the base, causing erosion

Percentage of water to ice expansion

10%

Corries (upland)

Bowl shaped hollows with a steep back wall

Corrie formation

Glacier, downslope, erosion =- steep back wall

Glacier hits a rock lip = rotational slip = basin

Ice may melt = tarn (lake)

Arête (upland)

Two corries back to back, creating a sharp ridge that separates two valleys

Pyramidal peak (upland)

Three or more corries back to back creating a sharp edged mountain peak

Glacial trough / U-shaped valley (lowland)

A valley with a flat bottom and steep sides

Glacial trough / U-shaped valley formation

A glacier moves through a young V-shaped valley, eroding it and forming a wide U-shaped valley

Interlocking spurs

Projecting ridges extending from alternate sides of a valley

Truncated spurs

When interlocking spurs have been cut off due to erosion

Hanging valley

A smaller valley on the side of a main valley with a sharp fall between them

Hanging valley characteristics

Tributary river flowing through and a waterfall flowing into the main valley

Hanging valley formation

V-shaped valley with main river and tributary

Large glacier in large valley and smaller one in smaller valley

Main valley = more ice and erosion = Large valley

Small valley = less ice and erosion = Small joined valley

Drumlins

Smooth hills with a blunt end and a tapered end

Drumlins and ice flow

Ice flowed in the direction of the tapered end

Drumlins formation

Ice flows down but there is an obstacle

Ice flows around obstacle

Moraine piles up behind obstacle and is overloaded (blunt end)

Flows over the obstacle and tapers out

Erratics

Large boulders differing from bedrock they were found in

Ground moraine

Underneath the glacier via plucking

Terminal moriane

At the end of the glacier, bulldozed by the snout

Lateral moraine

Ridge of material round the edges of the glacial trough via freeze-thaw weathering

Medial moraine

Two lateral moraines joining to make a ridge of material down the middle of where two glaciers join

Upland soil (farming)

Thin and acidic so bad for crops

Upland farming

Extensive grazing (sheep and deer)

Valley soils (farming)

Thick due to deposition

Valley farming

Flat valleys are easy for machinery, crop farming

Crop examples in valleys

Cereals, potatoes, grass for winter

Lowland soils (farming)

Fertile due to till coverage

Lowland farming

Flat/rolling landscape and warmer climate is good for extensive crop farming

Forestry

Conifers are adapted for acidic soils so are planted on steep upland slopes

Forestry outcomes

Conifers are used for paper and soft wood

Lowland quarrying

Sand and gravel deposits for construction industry

Lowland quarring outcomes

sand makes cement

gravel makes concrete

Upland quarrying opportunities

Hard and resistant rock

Upland quarrying outcomes

Construction and road building

Upland quarrying example

Pennine hills, UK

Why do tourists like glaciated areas

unique scenery, activities, cultural heritage

Tourism outcomes

Creates jobs

Tourism example

Aviermore: Scotland, Lake District etc

Moraine

Any material carried by a glacier

How can moraine be carried?

On the surface, inside the glacier, beneath the glacier

Glacial outwash

Moraine carried by water

How is glacial outwash obtained?

Meltwater rivers carry large amounts of sediment

Characteristics of glacial outwash

Fine, round, smooth, small as it has been eroded by water

Glacial till

Moriane carried by ice

How is glacial till obtained?

The glacier acts as a conveyor belt and material trapped inside makes its way to the snout where the ice melts and it is deposited

Glacial till characteristics

Angular and unsorted, can be large. No erosion

Glaciers move due to:

gravity, weight of the ice, meltwater

Basal sliding summary

Weight = more pressure

Pressure = warmth

Warmth = meltwater

Meltwater = lubrication and sliding

Gravity = slides downhill

Basal sliding

Weight and pressure cause warmth and meltwater which makes the glacier slide downhill

Rotational slip

Ice moves in circular motions if it can’t go downhill

Rotational slip summary

Snowflakes in hollow = ice

Ice = trapped and can’t move down

Circular motion = crevasses

Bulldozing

Weight of the ice and gravity makes it push material forwards via snout

% of land covered in ice (global present)

10%

How many countries are glaciers found in?

47

% of fresh water supplies stored by glaciers

80%

Age of antarctic ice sheet

40 million years

90% of modern ice is located where?

Antarctica and the Arctic

Most recent ice age

2.6 million years ago

Ice age definition

A period of long term cooling of the atmosphere

2.6 million years ago —> present

Quaternary period

11,000 years ago —> present

Holocene epoch

What makes it an ice age

If there is ice on earth