bio

organisms with beneficial traits adapt to their particular environment*

natural selection

a unit of DNA that encodes a particular RNA and protein*

gene

failure of chromosomes or chromatids to separate during cell division

nondisjunction

division of the cytoplasm

cytokinesis

a protein that looks for mistakes at various points within the cell cycle

checkpoint

holds amino acids together

Something that prevents fertilization and formation of a zygote*

prezygotic barrier

homologous chromosomes will line up at the metaphase plate independent of each other

law of independent assortment

a chemical reaction that adds water in order to break down polymers*

hydrolysis

part of a chromosome is accidentally copied

duplication

describes an uneven balance of solute across a membrane*

concentration gradient

the two alleles for a particular gene will end up in different gametes during meiosis

law of segregation

an inhibitor that doesn’t bind to the active site but contorts it*

noncompetitive inhibitor

the relationship between two alleles of the same gene*

genotype

a protein that intends to control the rate of cell division

movement of water towards a high solute concentration*

osmosis

proposed in incorrect model for natural selection

Lamarck

a true breeding purple pea plant was crossed to a true breeding white pea plant

P generation

where photosynthesis occurs; makes sugar for the cell*

chloroplast

cell division for the production of gametes*

meiosis

microtubules contract and sister chromatids are separated

anaphase

nucleolus and nuclear membrane reform; cytokinesis begins

telophase

the cell gets larger, more cytoplasm is made, and organelles are copied

G1/G2

a monomer composed of a phosphate, a sugar and a nitrogenous base*

nucleotide

a metabolic process that builds molecules*

anabolism

a lipid with four fused rings; cholesterol is an example*

steroid

the nondividing state of the cell

G0

1:2:1

genotypic ratio for a monohybrid cross

-CH3

methyl group

the beginning of protein

N terminus

Competition for females between two males*

intrasexual selection

used to determine inheritance patterns and follow family traits*

pedigree

9:3:3:1

genotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross

the offspring were 100% purple

F1 generation

two sets of chromosomes are present

diploid

part of the cytoskeleton; pulls apart chromosomes during mitosis*

microtubules

a phospholipid bilayer that controls entry into and exit out of the cell

the empty space within the chloroplast

stroma

string of monosaccharides that provide short term energy storage*

carbohydrate

an atom that has gained or lost electrons*

ion

pyruvate is oxidized into acetyl coA*

pyruvate oxidation (transition step)

-SH

sulfhydryl group

synthesized continuously and towards the replication fork*

leading strand

the species richness in an ecosystem*

biodiversity

unicellular organisms with no nucleus; some can cause disease*

prokaryotes

division of the DNA

M phase

the building blocks of protons and neutrons

quark

an enzyme within the ETC that phosphorylates ADP into ATP*

ATP synthase

a type of attraction between molecules that are the same*

cohesion

Similar structures with different functions; from divergent evolution*

homologous structures

a type of attraction between different molecules*

adhesion

the process of removing a phosphate from ATP to release energy

ATP hydrolysis

a tough outer shell that surrounds some tumors and prevents them from spreading

capsule

synthesized in fragments and away from the replication fork*

lagging strand

a network of fibers and filaments that support the outside of the cell

extracellular matrix

a network of cisternea that modifies newly synthesized proteins*

Golgi apparatus

green discs within chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll*- thylakoids

positively charged subatomic particles

protons

a network of sacs that synthesizes lipids, detoxifies and regulates calcius*

smooth ER

Members of a population evolve into a new species without a barrier*

sympatric speciation

a population isolates itself from society and interbreeds with one another

founder efect

a pigment found in thylakoids; required for photosynthesis

chlorophyll

occurs when a substance loses and electron*

oxidation

holds carbohydrates together

glycosidic linkage

had the same hypothesis and explanation for evolution as Darwin

Wallace

the end of a strand of RNA or DNA

3' end

stacks of thylakoids in the chloroplast

granum

neutral subatomic particles

neutrons

the process of a tumor spreading to other parts of the body

metastasis

-COC

ketone group

a substance that increases the amount of hydrogen ions in solution*

acid

contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions

acidic solution

monomers of the intermediate cytoskeletal component

keratin

Who is your favorite biology teacher?

Dr. Gilley

the heterozygote is a blend of two phenotypes*

incomplete dominance

a fat that has at least one double bond in its fatty acids; liquid at room temp.*

unsaturated fat

a gradient of hydrogen ions powers the enzyme ATP synthase*

chemiosmosis

holds nucleotides together

phosphodiester linkage

at atom with a different number of neutrons than normal

isotope

describes a molecule with atoms of similar electronegativities*

nonpolar

different mating season or other issues in timing prevent species from mating

temporal isolation

A new species arises from a common ancestor/lineage*

divergent evolution

made during phagocytosis

food vacuole

stores excess water in plant cells

central vacuole

a tumor that is incapable of spreading to other locations

benign

Something that reduces the ability of hybrids to create more hybrids*

postzygotic barrier

Layers of sedimentary rocks where fossils are found*

strata

contains more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions

basic solution

used to transport water upwards through vascular plants*

xylem

-COOH

carboxyl group

negatively charged subatomic particles

electrons

unwinds the double helix

helicase

when the DNA is replicated in the cell cycle

S phase

The first cell division when homologous chromosomes are separated

meiosis I

a type of weak bond between two different polar molecules*

H bond

a genetically unique sperm will fertilize a genetically unique egg created a unique zygote

changes shape as it passes hydrophilic molecules across the plasma membrane*

carrier protein

what defines an element; the number of protons

atomic number

the only part of an amino acid that varies*

R group

holds fats and phospholipids together

ester linkage