PLTW med int. unit 1 terms

Antigen

A foreign macromolecule that does not belong to the host organism and elicits an immune response

Solute

A substance dissolved in another substance

Solvent

A substance, usually a liquid, capable of dissolving another substance

Substrate

The reactant on which an enzyme works

Conjugation

The one-way transfer of DNA between bacteria in cellular contact

Transduction

The transfer of genetic material from one organism (such as a bacterium) to another by a genetic vector

transformation

The genetic modification of a bacterium by incorporation of free DNA from another ruptured bacterial cell

Primer

A molecule (a short strand of RNA or DNA) whose presence is required for formation of another molec ule (a longer chain of DNA)

Sanitize

reduce amount of microbes present

disinfect

 kills specific (probably not spores)

sterilize

kills everything, includes endospores, AUTOCLAVE

Penicillin

inhibits linking of peptidoglycan by attacking transpeptidase enzyme

Tetracyclines

 bind to 30s ribosomal subunit and block incoming tRNA’s

Fluoroquinolones

inhibit gyrase and topoisomerase enzymes for dna replication/transcription

sulfonamides

inhibit synthesis of tetahydropteroic acid and intermediate required for folic acid biosythesis (nucleic acid synthesis)

explain gram staining

• apply crystal violet

• apply iodine

• wash with alcohol

• apply safranin 

• gram positive is dark with crystal violet after wash, gram negative is light with safranin

Beer’s law

The higher the concentration, the more light that will get absorbed

Conductive Hearing Loss

Hearing loss or impairment resulting from interference with the transmission of sound waves to the cochlea

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Hearing loss or impairment resulting from problems with the auditory nerves

Inner Ear

The essential part of the vertebrate organ of hearing and equilibrium that includes the vestibule, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea

Middle Ear

three ossicles that extends from the tympanic membrane to the oval window

Outer Ear

collects and directs sound waves toward the tympanic membrane by way of a canal which extends inward through the temporal bone

Case-control study

A type of epidemiologic study where a group of individuals with the diseases, referred to as cases, are compared to individuals without the disease, referred to as controls

Cohort study

A type of epidemiologic study where a group of exposed individuals (individuals who have been exposed to the potential risk factor) and a group of non-exposed individuals are followed over time to determine the incidence of disease

DNA ligase

A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication and recombinant DNA techniques

Epidemic

Affecting an atypically large number of individuals within a population, community, or region at the same time

Epidemiology

A branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population

Inoculation

The introduction of a pathogen or antigen into a living organism to stimulate the production of antibodies

Recombinant DNA

A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources

Restriction enzyme

A degradative enzyme that recognizes specific nucleotide sequences and cuts up DNA

How to make a subunit vaccine

Virus/bacteria with GOI - DNA extrac/pcr - restriction site on either side of goi with primer that has restriction site - tube with samples of inserts x millions (RS 1 and RS 2)- regular vector with ORI b lactamase and cloning site is cut by rest enzyme, insert is placed with ligase, now has more bp - heat shock/transform - plate with bacteria with insert and bacteria without it LB? AMP- mini prep both types of samples - - cut/redigest - gel ef - send for seq - transform - scale up - lyse - sonicator - spin - column chromotography - add perservataties and adjuvant

Booster shots