Studied by 2 people
explains why planetary bodies stay in orbit around the sun
Universal Law of Gravitation
first European to explore the universe with a telescope
Galileo Galilei
America’s first constitution
Articles of Confederation
argued that people are born with a blank mind
John Locke
style that emphasized grace and charm
Rococo
father of modern rationalism
Rene Descartes
believed that the universe was heliocentric
Nicholas Copernicus
ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution that guarantee certain freedoms
Bill of Rights
idea that the state should not interfere with the economy
laissez-faire
created a British tax on newspapers and other printed materials
Stamp Act
members of the Paris Commune who wore long pants to identify with common people
san’s culottes
right of powerful nations to maintain order throughout Europe
Principle of Intervention
leader of the Committee of Public Safety who enforced policies of the Reign of Terror
Robespierre
Napoleon’s plan to weaken the British economy
Continental System
the middle class, including professionals
Bourgeoisie
a sudden overthrow of the government
coup d’etat
post-revolutionary leader who advocated restoring the monarchy throughout Europe
Klemens von Metternich
prison attacked at the outset of the French Revolution
Bastille
belief that people should be free from government restraint
Liberalism
the unique cultural identity of a people
Nationalism
built the first paddle-wheel steamboat
Robert Fulton
improved the steam engine
James Watt
leader in the struggle for Italian unification
Giusieppe Garibaldi
an intellectual movement noted for its appreciation of feelings and human emotion
Romanticism
led revolts against Spanish rule in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador
Simon Bolivar
a process for removing impurities from crude iron
puddling
Mexican priest who led native people in a revolt against Spanish rule
Miguel Hidalgo
created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary
Compromise of 1867
initiated reforms in Mexican government, including redistribution of land to the poor
Burrito Juarez
the practice of representing real life without idealization in art and literature
Realism
manufacturing method that allowed more efficient mass production of goods
assembly line
members of the working class
proletariat
principle that a prime minster is accountable to an elected legislative body rather than to a king of president
Ministerial responsibility
Russian legislative assembly created by Nicholas II
Duma
Impressionist painter who tried to capture the play of light on water
Claude Monet
theory that buildings should be useful rather than ornamental
functionalism
theory used to justify the dominance of Western nations
Social Darwinism
person who discovered the first radioactive element
Marie Curie
person who stated that space and time are relative to the observer
Albert Einstein
Marxists who rejected the revolutionary approach
revisionists
uprising against the foreign takeover of Chinese lands
Boxer Rebellion
a policy that stated all powers would respect equal trading opportunities with China
Open Door Policy
agreement that forced China to legalize opium trade and to open new ports to foreign trade
Treaty of Tianjin
fourteen-year peasant revolt against the Qing dynasty
Tai Ping Rebellion
areas in which foreign powers have been granted exclusive rights and privileges
Spheres of Influence
a territory governed by its former daimyo lord
prefecture
living in part of a country set aside for foreigners but not subject to the host country’s laws
extraterritoriality
a political compromise
concession
Chinese emperor who launched the One Hundred Days of Reform
Guang Xu
Chinese reformer whose followers began an uprising in 1911 that ended the Qing dynasty
Sun Yat-sen
fighting conducted from a system of ditches protected by barbed wire
trenched warfare
Woodrow Wilson’s peace proposal that asserted people’s right to self-determination
fourteen points
France, Great Britain, and Russia
Triple Entente
British officer who urged princes in the Middle East to revolt against the Ottomans
Lawrence of Arabia
War based on wearing the other side down with constant attacks and heavy losses
War of Attrition
international peacekeeping organization created at the end of WWI
League of Nations
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
Triple Alliance
complete mobilization of a nation’s resources and people
total war
uprising in 1917 that led to Russia’s withdrawal from World War I
Bolshevik Revolution
agreement that brings an end to fighting
Armistice
the scientific method grew out of the belief that the world is best understood through
direct observation
Which idea of Montesquieu has been incorporated into the U.S. Constitution?
separation of power
Voltaire championed the religious philosophy of deism, which was based on
reason and natural law
According to Rousseau’s concept of the social contract,
a society agrees to be governed by its general will
Frederick II of Prussia, Joseph Ii of Austria, and Catherine II of Russia were enlightened absolutists whose main goal was to
safeguard the welfare of the state
Reflecting Enlightenment thought, the Declaration of the Rights of man and the Citizen Proclaimed
an end to aristocratic privileges
the economic crisis that triggered the French Revolution was caused by
bad harvests and a slowdown in manufacturing
Promotion within Napoleon’s new bureaucracy was
based on ability only, not rank or birth
Which of the following conditions caused the collapse of Napoleon’s Grand Empire?
the drain of Napoleon’s many wars
When Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia met at the Congress of Vienna for peace talks after Napoleon’s defeat, their aim was to
restore European monarchs to power
The social change brought about by the Industrial revolution was evident in the
emergence of the middle class and the working class
The revolutionary outbursts in Europe in the 1830s and the 1840s were sparked by attitudes of
nationalism
The factory created a new labor system in which
workers had to work regular hours and perform repetitive tasks
The harsh conditions created by the Industrial revolution gave rise to
a movement toward socialism
One reason Great Britain led the way in the Industrial Revolution was that it
had a lot of money and natural resources
In the Second Industrial Revolution, what innovations opened up new industrial frontiers?
steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum
In the nineteenth century, people’s lives became more clearly divided into periods of work and leisure as a result of
Industrialization
The alliance between Great Britain, Russia, and France was known as the
Triple Entente
Sigmund Freud claimed that human behavior was ruled by
repressed childhood experiences
Problems associated with rapid urbanization included
substandard housing and poor sanitization
The Qing dynasty was weakened by pressure from the West as well as by
corruption and peasant unrest
Under the Qing dynasty’s self-strengthening policy, China
adopted western technology but kept its Confucian values
China declared war on Great Britain over the introduction of _______ into China
opium
The United States proposed the Open-Door policy toward China to
have equal trading rights with European countries
The Qing reforms after the Boxer Rebellion were unsuccessful because
Empress Ci Xi refused to give up any real power
Serbia angered Austria-Hungary when it
tried to form an independent state
Which nations were the first to get involved in the initial conflict between Serbia an Austria-Hungary?
Germany and Russia
Initially, the war effort on the Western Front was characterized by
trench warfare for 4 years
As the war progressed, both the Allied Powers and the Central Powers sought new allies in order to
get more money and supplies
Civil war broke out in Russia after World War I because
many people opposed the Bolshevik government
Negotiations at the Pairs Peace Conference were complicated by
territorial disputes among the victory
A major cause of the Bolshevik Revolution was
Czar Nicholas’s failed military and economic policies
One legacy of the World War I was the
breakup of the Ottoman Empire
What was NOT a cause of World War I?
liberalism
Russia, France, and Britain all made up the…?
Triple Entente
political, military, or economy agreement, negotiated and signed by one or more nations
alliance
Who led the communist Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution?
Vladimir Lenin
What was one of the main goals of wartime propaganda?
recruitment of soldiers
what was created as a result of the Treaty of Versailles?
the League of Nations
Spain, Norway, and Sweden during WWI were all…?
neutral states
Note
Flashcard