MWH Final Exam Study Guide

explains why planetary bodies stay in orbit around the sun

Universal Law of Gravitation

first European to explore the universe with a telescope

Galileo Galilei

America’s first constitution

Articles of Confederation

argued that people are born with a blank mind

John Locke

style that emphasized grace and charm

Rococo

father of modern rationalism

Rene Descartes

believed that the universe was heliocentric

Nicholas Copernicus

ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution that guarantee certain freedoms

Bill of Rights

idea that the state should not interfere with the economy

laissez-faire

created a British tax on newspapers and other printed materials

Stamp Act

members of the Paris Commune who wore long pants to identify with common people

san’s culottes

right of powerful nations to maintain order throughout Europe

Principle of Intervention

leader of the Committee of Public Safety who enforced policies of the Reign of Terror

Robespierre

Napoleon’s plan to weaken the British economy

Continental System

the middle class, including professionals

Bourgeoisie

a sudden overthrow of the government

coup d’etat

post-revolutionary leader who advocated restoring the monarchy throughout Europe

Klemens von Metternich

prison attacked at the outset of the French Revolution

Bastille

belief that people should be free from government restraint

Liberalism

the unique cultural identity of a people

Nationalism

built the first paddle-wheel steamboat

Robert Fulton

improved the steam engine

James Watt

leader in the struggle for Italian unification

Giusieppe Garibaldi

an intellectual movement noted for its appreciation of feelings and human emotion

Romanticism

led revolts against Spanish rule in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador

Simon Bolivar

a process for removing impurities from crude iron

puddling

Mexican priest who led native people in a revolt against Spanish rule

Miguel Hidalgo

created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary

Compromise of 1867

initiated reforms in Mexican government, including redistribution of land to the poor

Burrito Juarez

the practice of representing real life without idealization in art and literature

Realism

manufacturing method that allowed more efficient mass production of goods

assembly line

members of the working class

proletariat

principle that a prime minster is accountable to an elected legislative body rather than to a king of president

Ministerial responsibility

Russian legislative assembly created by Nicholas II

Duma

Impressionist painter who tried to capture the play of light on water

Claude Monet

theory that buildings should be useful rather than ornamental

functionalism

theory used to justify the dominance of Western nations

Social Darwinism

person who discovered the first radioactive element

Marie Curie

person who stated that space and time are relative to the observer

Albert Einstein

Marxists who rejected the revolutionary approach

revisionists

uprising against the foreign takeover of Chinese lands

Boxer Rebellion

a policy that stated all powers would respect equal trading opportunities with China

Open Door Policy

agreement that forced China to legalize opium trade and to open new ports to foreign trade

Treaty of Tianjin

fourteen-year peasant revolt against the Qing dynasty

Tai Ping Rebellion

areas in which foreign powers have been granted exclusive rights and privileges

Spheres of Influence

a territory governed by its former daimyo lord

prefecture

living in part of a country set aside for foreigners but not subject to the host country’s laws

extraterritoriality

a political compromise

concession

Chinese emperor who launched the One Hundred Days of Reform

Guang Xu

Chinese reformer whose followers began an uprising in 1911 that ended the Qing dynasty

Sun Yat-sen

fighting conducted from a system of ditches protected by barbed wire

trenched warfare

Woodrow Wilson’s peace proposal that asserted people’s right to self-determination

fourteen points

France, Great Britain, and Russia

Triple Entente

British officer who urged princes in the Middle East to revolt against the Ottomans

Lawrence of Arabia

War based on wearing the other side down with constant attacks and heavy losses

War of Attrition

international peacekeeping organization created at the end of WWI

League of Nations

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Triple Alliance

complete mobilization of a nation’s resources and people

total war

uprising in 1917 that led to Russia’s withdrawal from World War I

Bolshevik Revolution

agreement that brings an end to fighting

Armistice

the scientific method grew out of the belief that the world is best understood through

direct observation

Which idea of Montesquieu has been incorporated into the U.S. Constitution?

separation of power

Voltaire championed the religious philosophy of deism, which was based on

reason and natural law

According to Rousseau’s concept of the social contract,

a society agrees to be governed by its general will

Frederick II of Prussia, Joseph Ii of Austria, and Catherine II of Russia were enlightened absolutists whose main goal was to

safeguard the welfare of the state

Reflecting Enlightenment thought, the Declaration of the Rights of man and the Citizen Proclaimed

an end to aristocratic privileges

the economic crisis that triggered the French Revolution was caused by

bad harvests and a slowdown in manufacturing

Promotion within Napoleon’s new bureaucracy was

based on ability only, not rank or birth

Which of the following conditions caused the collapse of Napoleon’s Grand Empire?

the drain of Napoleon’s many wars

When Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia met at the Congress of Vienna for peace talks after Napoleon’s defeat, their aim was to

restore European monarchs to power

The social change brought about by the Industrial revolution was evident in the

emergence of the middle class and the working class

The revolutionary outbursts in Europe in the 1830s and the 1840s were sparked by attitudes of

nationalism

The factory created a new labor system in which

workers had to work regular hours and perform repetitive tasks

The harsh conditions created by the Industrial revolution gave rise to

a movement toward socialism

One reason Great Britain led the way in the Industrial Revolution was that it

had a lot of money and natural resources

In the Second Industrial Revolution, what innovations opened up new industrial frontiers?

steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum

In the nineteenth century, people’s lives became more clearly divided into periods of work and leisure as a result of

Industrialization

The alliance between Great Britain, Russia, and France was known as the

Triple Entente

Sigmund Freud claimed that human behavior was ruled by

repressed childhood experiences

Problems associated with rapid urbanization included

substandard housing and poor sanitization

The Qing dynasty was weakened by pressure from the West as well as by

corruption and peasant unrest

Under the Qing dynasty’s self-strengthening policy, China

adopted western technology but kept its Confucian values

China declared war on Great Britain over the introduction of _______ into China

opium

The United States proposed the Open-Door policy toward China to

have equal trading rights with European countries

The Qing reforms after the Boxer Rebellion were unsuccessful because

Empress Ci Xi refused to give up any real power

Serbia angered Austria-Hungary when it

tried to form an independent state

Which nations were the first to get involved in the initial conflict between Serbia an Austria-Hungary?

Germany and Russia

Initially, the war effort on the Western Front was characterized by

trench warfare for 4 years

As the war progressed, both the Allied Powers and the Central Powers sought new allies in order to

get more money and supplies

Civil war broke out in Russia after World War I because

many people opposed the Bolshevik government

Negotiations at the Pairs Peace Conference were complicated by

territorial disputes among the victory

A major cause of the Bolshevik Revolution was

Czar Nicholas’s failed military and economic policies

One legacy of the World War I was the

breakup of the Ottoman Empire

What was NOT a cause of World War I?

liberalism

Russia, France, and Britain all made up the…?

Triple Entente

political, military, or economy agreement, negotiated and signed by one or more nations

alliance

Who led the communist Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution?

Vladimir Lenin

What was one of the main goals of wartime propaganda?

recruitment of soldiers

what was created as a result of the Treaty of Versailles?

the League of Nations

Spain, Norway, and Sweden during WWI were all…?

neutral states