Chapters 23, 24, 25- "Latin America in the 19th Century," "The Challenge of Modernity- East Asia," and "The Ottoman and Russian Empires"

The 18th Century Enlightenment

1. Had limited impact on Latin America

2. Due to limited contact, there was also a limited Awareness of the “New Sciences” and social contract theories

3. American and French Revs. had a limited intellectual impact

Caudillo

Political Military Leader with Authoritarian Tendencies

Simon Bolivar

The eventual liberator of northern South America

US-Mexico War

• 1836: Antonio Lopez Santa Anna, the sitting president of Mexico, defeated Texas forces at The Alamo (never forget)

• Texas was later declared an independent state, seeking protection from the US, after defeating Santa Anna’s forces

  • The US chose to back Texas, and Mexico was defeated, forcing the, to give up everything north of the Rio Grande

• Completely ignored: Texas wanted to break off because Mexico didn’t allow slavery, but the US did

Catholicism

Remained the national religion in Latin America

The Second Industrial Revolution

LATAM Govts responded to the SIR’s need for chemicals and Electricity

• This increase in exports raised LATAM’s standard of living

Banana Republic

A negative term used to describe countries in South/Latin America.

Brazil

Coffee became the most major export coming out of ______

Monroe Doctrine

Europe was deterred from entering South America by the US.

China & Maritime Trade

The British gave opium & America gave Tobacco to china to equalize the trade imbalance

Imperialism

When one country takes over another country & exploits its people resources

How did British Imperialism on China start?

a barter system of Indian Opium was created to get Chinese Good

Opium

Called “foreign mud”

Boxer Rebellion

Chinese nationalists who attacked foreigners in China

Japan

• They are not original: where they excel is taking others’ inventions and making them better

Fascinated with how accelerating technologies of the Industrial Revolution had armed their adversaries and sought to create more railroads and steamships.

Ottoman Empire

1500-1700: Large land area, many Different Cultures. Dominant political power in the Middle East

• Traditional Rivals- The Austrian Habsburgs and the Russians

  • Technologically behind their rivals

• Economy: crafts-based (artisan), textile industry

  • Buckled under the weight of the introduction of cheap, industrially produced English Cottons

Persian Empire

Shiite (Shia) alternative to the Sunni Ottomans. Rose in 1500

• Shiite Muslims in Iran (Who today are Iranian Leaders) believe only descendants of the Prophet Muhammad can be leaders in Islam.

  • Meanwhile, Sunni Muslims in Turkey (Ottoman Leaders) believe anyone who’s a faithful follower of the religion can be a leader

Crimean War

1853-1856: Britain, France, and the Ottoman Empire vs. Russia

Industrialization

very slow to develop in Russia

Russia

Freed the Serfs