ANSC 102 Exam 1

What is as-fed basis?

represents feed as it would be fed to the animal, including water

Starch and fat are examples of...

energy storage

What makes up 60-70% of an animal's body?

water

What is the minimum requirement of water?

it balances losses including production needs

What factors affect water requirements?

diet, environment, and physiological state

What are these sources of? corn oil, soybean oil, canola oil, flaxseed oil

lipids

Animals are unable to synthesize most...

vitamins

What is the main source of vitamins and minerals in feed?

Premix

What is the science to study nutritional needs of an animal?

Animal nutrition

How many chambers does a ruminant animal have?

4

What are unique features of the chicken GI tract?

Crop, proventriculus, gizzard, caeca, cloaca

What are unique features of the cow GI tract?

Rumen, omasum, abomasum

What are the four types of digestion?

mechanical, chemical, enzymatic, microbial

Ruminants are herbivores, omnivores, or carnivores?

herbivores

What is a pseudo-ruminant?

Greater than one stomach chamber but less than four

What does feedstuffs consist of?

plant and animal tissues

What are the 6 classes of nutrients?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water

Plant has more what than animal tissues?

CHO

Animal tissues have more what than plant?

protein, fat, and mineral

Define livestock

domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting for labor and products

Define parturition

act of giving birth

Define primiparous

This is the animal's first litter

Define multiparous

A female that has had at least one previously successful pregnancy and parturition

Define histology

the study of the microscopic structure of tissues

Define anatomy

the study of the structure of the body

Define physiology

the study of how the body and its parts work or function

Define cranial

towards the head

Define caudal

towards the tail

What do the ovaries release?

oocytes

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

estradiol and progesterone

What are the three regions of the ovary?

cortex, medulla, hilum

Where is the cortex on the ovary?

the surface

What does the cortex of the ovaries contain?

follicles and corpa lutea

What does the medulla of the ovaries contain?

connective tissues and blood vessels

What is the hilum/hilus of the ovaries?

The middle point

What do follicles contain?

A 1:1 ratio of oocyte to follicle

What hormone do follicular cells produce?

Estradiol

What does a follicle that undergoes ovulation develop?

Corpus luteum

What do CLs produce?

progesterone

Define estrus

Sexually receptive behaviors

Define estrous cycle

describing the period of time when an animal is showing estrus

What do these structures make up? oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva, broad ligament

female tubular tract

What are the functions of the oviduct?

captures oocyte at ovulation and is the place for fertilization

What are the functions of the uterus?

houses conceptus and produces hormones

What are the two regions of the uterus?

uterine horns and body

What are the functions of the cervix?

separates the uterus and vagina, immune protection, filter and reservoir for sperm

What is the function of the vagina?

passage from cervix to external environment(vestibule region)

What is the function of the vulva?

Protects the vagina

What is the broad ligament?

Connective layer of tissues that supports the internal system

What are the functions of the testus?

Release sperm/spermatozoa and produce hormones

What hormones does the testus produce?

Anti-Müllerian hormone/Müllerian-inhibiting hormone and testosterone

What structures make up the male tubular tract?

epididymis, ductus deferens, accessory glands

What are the functions of the epididymis?

store, concentrate, transport, and mature sperm

What is the function of the ductus deferens?

transports sperm to pelvic urethra

What two components make up semen?

seminal plasma and sperm

What are the functions of the spermatic cord?

helps cool testus and connects testes to body

What are the functions of the scrotum?

thermoregulation and protection of testes

What are steroids derived from?

cholesterol

What type of hormone are progesterone, estradiol, and testosterone?

steroid

What type of hormone are gene products?

peptide

Define target tissue

Specific cells which hormones act on. Have receptors specific for the hormone

What substance do hormones travel via?

blood

What hormone does the hypothalamus produce?

GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)

What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce?

Luteinizing hormone and Follicle-stimulating hormone

What two hormones are involved in the estrous cycle?

P4 and E2(inversely)

Define gene

Part of a chromosome

Define locus

Location of a gene on a chromosome

Define genome

The entire genetic material of an organism

Who came up with the laws of particulate inheritance?

Gregory Mendel

How is genomics beneficial to animal breeding?

It takes the guess work out of it

Nutrition makes a ______ change in animal performance

temporary

Animal breeding makes changes that are...

cumulative, permanent, and long-term

Define selection objective

What you want to achieve

Define selection criteria

Measured traits used to achieve selection objectives

What is this equation? P=G+E

the genetic model

What does G represent in the genetic model?

Genotype(the total effect of all genes)

What does E represent in the genetic model?

Environment(everything non-genetic)

What does P represent in the genetic model?

Phenotype(G expressed in some E)

How is breeding value estimated?

phenotypic performance or average of the parents' BVs

How many daughter cells does meiosis produce?

4

What is the relationship between a parent and their offspring?(number)

0.5 always

What is the range of relationship between full siblings?

0-1, avg 0.5

Define heritability/H2

the proportion of observed variation due to genetics

What is magnitude of heritability?

how easily we can change the trait

What level of heritability makes selection very effective?

High h2

Define pleiotropy

The ability of a single gene to affect multiple traits 1:2

Define linkage disequilibrium

Genes are inherited together 1:1

Define crossbreeding

mating individuals from different breeds

Why can crossbreeding be helpful?

increased heterozygosity, increased performance, different breeds are desirable for different traits

Define inbreeding

Mating of relatives

What are some potential effects of inbreeding?

increased homozygosity, uniform populations, loss of genetic diversity, decreased performance

Define bull

intact male cattle

Define cow

female cattle that has calved

Define stallion

intact male horse

Define wether

castrated male sheep or goat

Define boar

intact male pig

Define steer

castrated male cattle

Define sow

female pig that has given birth

Define gelding

castrated male horse

Define barrow

castrated male pig