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What is as-fed basis?
represents feed as it would be fed to the animal, including water
Starch and fat are examples of...
energy storage
What makes up 60-70% of an animal's body?
water
What is the minimum requirement of water?
it balances losses including production needs
What factors affect water requirements?
diet, environment, and physiological state
What are these sources of? corn oil, soybean oil, canola oil, flaxseed oil
lipids
Animals are unable to synthesize most...
vitamins
What is the main source of vitamins and minerals in feed?
Premix
What is the science to study nutritional needs of an animal?
Animal nutrition
How many chambers does a ruminant animal have?
4
What are unique features of the chicken GI tract?
Crop, proventriculus, gizzard, caeca, cloaca
What are unique features of the cow GI tract?
Rumen, omasum, abomasum
What are the four types of digestion?
mechanical, chemical, enzymatic, microbial
Ruminants are herbivores, omnivores, or carnivores?
herbivores
What is a pseudo-ruminant?
Greater than one stomach chamber but less than four
What does feedstuffs consist of?
plant and animal tissues
What are the 6 classes of nutrients?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water
Plant has more what than animal tissues?
CHO
Animal tissues have more what than plant?
protein, fat, and mineral
Define livestock
domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting for labor and products
Define parturition
act of giving birth
Define primiparous
This is the animal's first litter
Define multiparous
A female that has had at least one previously successful pregnancy and parturition
Define histology
the study of the microscopic structure of tissues
Define anatomy
the study of the structure of the body
Define physiology
the study of how the body and its parts work or function
Define cranial
towards the head
Define caudal
towards the tail
What do the ovaries release?
oocytes
What hormones do the ovaries produce?
estradiol and progesterone
What are the three regions of the ovary?
cortex, medulla, hilum
Where is the cortex on the ovary?
the surface
What does the cortex of the ovaries contain?
follicles and corpa lutea
What does the medulla of the ovaries contain?
connective tissues and blood vessels
What is the hilum/hilus of the ovaries?
The middle point
What do follicles contain?
A 1:1 ratio of oocyte to follicle
What hormone do follicular cells produce?
Estradiol
What does a follicle that undergoes ovulation develop?
Corpus luteum
What do CLs produce?
progesterone
Define estrus
Sexually receptive behaviors
Define estrous cycle
describing the period of time when an animal is showing estrus
What do these structures make up? oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva, broad ligament
female tubular tract
What are the functions of the oviduct?
captures oocyte at ovulation and is the place for fertilization
What are the functions of the uterus?
houses conceptus and produces hormones
What are the two regions of the uterus?
uterine horns and body
What are the functions of the cervix?
separates the uterus and vagina, immune protection, filter and reservoir for sperm
What is the function of the vagina?
passage from cervix to external environment(vestibule region)
What is the function of the vulva?
Protects the vagina
What is the broad ligament?
Connective layer of tissues that supports the internal system
What are the functions of the testus?
Release sperm/spermatozoa and produce hormones
What hormones does the testus produce?
Anti-Müllerian hormone/Müllerian-inhibiting hormone and testosterone
What structures make up the male tubular tract?
epididymis, ductus deferens, accessory glands
What are the functions of the epididymis?
store, concentrate, transport, and mature sperm
What is the function of the ductus deferens?
transports sperm to pelvic urethra
What two components make up semen?
seminal plasma and sperm
What are the functions of the spermatic cord?
helps cool testus and connects testes to body
What are the functions of the scrotum?
thermoregulation and protection of testes
What are steroids derived from?
cholesterol
What type of hormone are progesterone, estradiol, and testosterone?
steroid
What type of hormone are gene products?
peptide
Define target tissue
Specific cells which hormones act on. Have receptors specific for the hormone
What substance do hormones travel via?
blood
What hormone does the hypothalamus produce?
GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce?
Luteinizing hormone and Follicle-stimulating hormone
What two hormones are involved in the estrous cycle?
P4 and E2(inversely)
Define gene
Part of a chromosome
Define locus
Location of a gene on a chromosome
Define genome
The entire genetic material of an organism
Who came up with the laws of particulate inheritance?
Gregory Mendel
How is genomics beneficial to animal breeding?
It takes the guess work out of it
Nutrition makes a ______ change in animal performance
temporary
Animal breeding makes changes that are...
cumulative, permanent, and long-term
Define selection objective
What you want to achieve
Define selection criteria
Measured traits used to achieve selection objectives
What is this equation? P=G+E
the genetic model
What does G represent in the genetic model?
Genotype(the total effect of all genes)
What does E represent in the genetic model?
Environment(everything non-genetic)
What does P represent in the genetic model?
Phenotype(G expressed in some E)
How is breeding value estimated?
phenotypic performance or average of the parents' BVs
How many daughter cells does meiosis produce?
4
What is the relationship between a parent and their offspring?(number)
0.5 always
What is the range of relationship between full siblings?
0-1, avg 0.5
Define heritability/H2
the proportion of observed variation due to genetics
What is magnitude of heritability?
how easily we can change the trait
What level of heritability makes selection very effective?
High h2
Define pleiotropy
The ability of a single gene to affect multiple traits 1:2
Define linkage disequilibrium
Genes are inherited together 1:1
Define crossbreeding
mating individuals from different breeds
Why can crossbreeding be helpful?
increased heterozygosity, increased performance, different breeds are desirable for different traits
Define inbreeding
Mating of relatives
What are some potential effects of inbreeding?
increased homozygosity, uniform populations, loss of genetic diversity, decreased performance
Define bull
intact male cattle
Define cow
female cattle that has calved
Define stallion
intact male horse
Define wether
castrated male sheep or goat
Define boar
intact male pig
Define steer
castrated male cattle
Define sow
female pig that has given birth
Define gelding
castrated male horse
Define barrow
castrated male pig
Note 
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