questions

Which of the following statements about how we process inconsistent information about others is FALSE?

People spend more time thinking about expected behaviors and less time thinking about unexpected behaviors.

3 multiple choice options

In his work on the minimal intergroup situation, Tajfel found that prejudice and discrimination between two groups FIRST appeared at which point?

After dividing people randomly into two groups.

3 multiple choice options

College students are asked to complete a survey in which they indicate how often they have had unprotected sex and used illegal drugs. The author of this survey should be most concerned about which threat to construct validity?

The social desirability response bias.

3 multiple choice options

In research by Harber (1998), White college students read essays that were filled with errors and were then asked to give feedback to the author of the essay. The results showed that:

The participants gave more positive feedback to Black authors.

3 multiple choice options

Influence by _________ can trigger mastery motives, meet needs for connectedness, and may result in private acceptance.

both the majority and minority

3 multiple choice options

According to your textbook, in which group is a consensus by the members likely to be the most persuasive to others?

In a committee whose members each represent different neighborhoods in a large city.

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following consequences is NOT likely to follow from coalition formation?

Coalition formation is seen as a threatening action that weakens competition.

3 multiple choice options

How do children learn stereotypes?

All of the options listed

3 multiple choice options

Unlike other social sciences such as political science and sociology, social psychologists are more likely to study...

the social behavior of individuals.

2 multiple choice options

The correspondence bias has been found to be limited by:

All of the options listed

3 multiple choice options

Gene is on his way to work early one morning when he sees a car overturned in a field. He assumes that someone else must have already called the police, and so he doesn't pull over to investigate. Based on this example, Gene did not help because of

Diffusion of responsibility

3 multiple choice options

Nancy noticed that Jamal got an A+ on his calculus text. Nancy concluded that Jamal must be really smart. Nancy drew this conclusion about Jamal because getting good grades and being smart are ________ in her mind.

associated

3 multiple choice options

If the humane society wants to recruit local college students to volunteer at the animal shelter for 10-hours a week, how can they use the foot-in-the-door effect to help them recruit volunteers?

Invite groups of college students to stop by and play with the animals for one hour.

3 multiple choice options

Informational influence reflects the need for ___ whereas normative influence reflects the need for ___.

mastery; connectedness

3 multiple choice options

Why is it so hard to change strong attitudes?

Because their information base is lopsided

3 multiple choice options

The owner of a large tuna canning factory wants to find ways to make his employees more productive. The owner hires a group of researchers who systematically vary aspects of the work environment (such as the lighting and temperature) and then observe how those changes impact the behavior of the employees. Much to the owner's delight, simple changes such as lowering the temperature and increasing the lighting, improved the productivity of his employees. Which of the following revelations would cause the biggest threat to internal validity?

It is the presence of the researchers, not the environmental changes, which affect productivity.

3 multiple choice options

Your text describes two fundamental axioms. Which of the following provides the best illustration of the pervasiveness of social influence?

At a party, Jan says 'no' when offered an alcoholic beverage because he knows his parents wouldn't approve.

3 multiple choice options

Lucy is high in need for cognition and she is doing some research on various products that she wants to buy. Which of the following products is Lucy likely to be persuaded to purchase?

An athletic shoe with an advertisement that contains a lengthy description of all of the scientifically proven benefits of the shoe.

3 multiple choice options

How do psychologists come up with research ideas?

All of the options listed

3 multiple choice options

Marco is confident that he has the ability to make the rugby team. This confidence of Marco's is known as

self-efficacy

3 multiple choice options

In the study by Freedman and Fraser (1966) in which a number of homeowners agreed to put a large "Drive Safely" sign in their front yard. Which of the following factors con tributed to the agreement by the homeowners?

After first agreeing to a related small request, the homeowners started to see themselves as the type of people who think safe driving is important.

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following statements about implicit measures is true?

They are a reflection of people's positive and negative associations

3 multiple choice options

The study by Axsom, Yates and Chaiken (1987), in which students listened to a political candidate discuss the merits of offering probation as an alternative to imprisonment for convicted criminals showed that:

When students thought the issue would not affect their community, they were more persuaded by the favorable response of the audience.

3 multiple choice options

In 1943, Lewin conducted a study in which the goal was to encourage homemakers to serve their families more readily available and inexpensive cuts of meat. In which condition was Lewin most successful in getting the homemakers to try these cuts of meat?

In the condition in which small groups of homemakers got together and discussed the different cuts of meat.

3 multiple choice options

A lot of attention has focused on the power of subliminal advertising. Research on subliminal priming has revealed which of the following results?

Subliminal priming can make people do what they were already going to do.

2 multiple choice options

Which of the following provides an example of discrimination?

All of the options listed

3 multiple choice options

Milgram conducted a number of variations on his classic obedience study. In which of the following conditions were participants LEAST likely to obey the experimenter?

When a confederate posing as another participant delivered the instructions to obey.

3 multiple choice options

Collette has a very symmetrical face. Who would be most likely to find Collette attractive?

Someone from a culture whose people are threatened by communicable diseases.

3 multiple choice options

According to self-perception theory, people are most likely to draw self- inferences when:

People behave in a way that was freely chosen

3 multiple choice options

Students are asked to write essays on the legalization of marijuana. Whose change in attitude should be the longest lasting?

Nicole, who was given a choice to write an essay that went against her true beliefs.

3 multiple choice options

Paula is a computer programmer and he is working with a small group to design a new video game. In which of the following situations will Paula be most likely to engage in social loafing?

Paula believes that her group will design a much better game than she could alone.

3 multiple choice options

According to the theory of reasoned action, important determinant of behavior. are the most

intentions

3 multiple choice options

When it comes to plagiarism, learning that most students think that plagiarism is "no big deal" is an example of _______, whereas learning that most students do plagiarize is an example of _______.

an injunctive norm; a descriptive norm

3 multiple choice options

Members of a group that just lost an intellectual quiz game made themselves feel better by commenting on how sociable and fun they are. These group members are engaging in which strategy?

Social creativity

3 multiple choice options

Research on people's ability to quickly identify guns vs. non-guns has shown that:

Participants are faster to shoot unarmed Black targets than unarmed White targets

3 multiple choice options

research shows that in interracial interactions between blacks and whites, whites __, whereas blacks __

want to be seen as unbiased; want to be respected

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following is the best example of informational influence?

Amy decides to start a low-carb diet because the dieticians from her weight loss group recommended that she do so.

3 multiple choice options

In a classic study by Deutsch and Krauss (1960) participants imagined that they were the owners of two rival truck companies, Acme and Bolt, whose profits were based upon the speed with which they carried merchandise over roads to specific destinations. In which condition did both participants make the most money?

When neither Acme nor Bolt had control over a gate.

3 multiple choice options

The study by Henderson-King and Nisbett (1996) in which either a Black or White confederate behaved rudely toward the experimenter showed that:

One single act by a single group member can activate negative stereotypes about an entire group.

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following characteristics will lead a group to be more at risk of groupthink?

All of the listed answers.

3 multiple choice options

The study by Moscovici and colleagues (1969) in which participants were asked to make color judgments in the presence of 2 dissenting confederates showed that minority group members will be most influential when:

They maintain a consistent stance over time.

3 multiple choice options

Anna missed her curfew by 3 hours and she feels bad that she let her parents down. To make herself feel better, she thinks of what a good student she is. This process of reflecting upon an important self-identity to reduce dissonance is known as:

Self-affirmation

3 multiple choice options

Leroy is a football player who has been insulted by a member of a rival team. Although this insult has made Leroy very angry, he decides not to fight the rival player because his coach has instilled in his players the motivation to always demonstrate good sportsmanship. According to the General Aggression Model, which factor has caused Leroy to refrain from behaving aggressively?

Social norms

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following presents the stages of group development in order?

Forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning

3 multiple choice options

Drew is struggling in his Calculus class. Which type of help is likely to cause Drew to feel the most competent and respected?

Autonomy-oriented help provided by a professor.

3 multiple choice options

Jackie and Sara just tried out for the school play and only Jackie was cast in the play. According to Tesser's (1988) model of self-image maintenance, in which scenario will Sara feel worse about not getting a part in the play?

Jackie and Sara are sisters and both want to be actors after they graduate.

3 multiple choice options

A study in which the time participants spent completing a crossword puzzle was measured showed that people spent longer on the puzzle when:

The participants were given the choice of whether or not to complete the puzzle.

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following people will be most likely to pursue individual mobility?

Erin, who isn't very strongly identified with her soccer team and they just lost the big game.

3 multiple choice options

Brandy is a Christian college students who is trying to decide where she stands on the abortion debate. With which group is Brandy most likely to consult for information about this issue?

A group of Christian college students

3 multiple choice options

According to research on the relation between norms and deindividuation, in which of the following conditions should Tom be most likely to follow the norm of the prototypical rowdy soccer fan?

When Tom gets caught in a crowd of fans storming the turf at the end of the game.

3 multiple choice options

Participants in a study listened to a speech and then were asked whether they agreed with the arguments or not. Half of the participants heard the audience applaud the speaker and half of the students heard mixed reaction from the audience. In addition, some of the participants heard weak arguments and some heard strong. The results showed that:

When participants were not motivated to pay attention, they were more likely to agree when the speaker made weak arguments and they heard the audience cheer.

3 multiple choice options

The study by Jones and Harris (1967) in which participants read either pro- or anti-Castro essays, provided support for which theory?

The correspondence bias

3 multiple choice options

In a classic study on the door-in-the-face technique by Cialdini and colleagues (1975), participants were stopped as they walked across campus and asked if they would take a group of juvenile delinquents to the zoo. The researchers found the greatest agreement with this request in which of the following conditions?

When participants were first asked whether they would spend 2-years as a counselor for juvenile delinquents.

3 multiple choice options

In a study the effectiveness of a campaign to encourage hotel patrons to re-use towels was assessed. The results of this study showed that patrons were most likely to re-use their towels when:

They learned that 75% of previous guests in their room had re-used their towels.

3 multiple choice options

_________ proposes that attitudes, social norms, and perceived control combine to influence behavior.

The theory of planned behavior

3 multiple choice options

From which of the following sources can we learn the characteristics associated with our groups?

All of the listed answers.

3 multiple choice options

A researcher is studying condom use among college students. In which condition of this study will students be most likely to engage in safe-sex in the future?

Participants were asked to tell a group of high school students about the dangers of unprotected sex and then later were asked to list all of the times they had engaged in unprotected sex themselves.

3 multiple choice options

Joan is flipping through a magazine and comes across an advertisement for a new brand of deodorant. The ad is full of lovely, colorful flowers and puppies. Joan decides that she must go out and buy this new deodorant. Joan's attitude was influenced by:

evaluative conditioning

3 multiple choice options

John is part of a public health campaign with the goal of increasing the number of people in his town who get flu shots. Given your knowledge of norms, how would you recommend that John make his campaign more successful?

Post signs around town saying that the majority of people in the town get flu shots.

3 multiple choice options

_________ is the process of seeing oneself as a member of a group, whereas ____________ refers to our thoughts and feelings about the groups to which we belong

Self-categorization; social identity

3 multiple choice options

According to the social psychological definition, which of the following people is demonstrating aggression?

Kay's friends made fun of her so she slapped one of them in the face

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following statements about self-awareness is true?

Focusing attention on the self can bring up differences between our current self and ideal self.

3 multiple choice options

Mannie, a 4th grader, is a book worm and can often be found with his nose buried in the latest science fiction novel. The library at Mannie's school has started to offer students increasingly impressive prizes based on the number of books they read during the semester. According the self-perception theory, how are these prizes expected to influence Mannie's love of reading?

As the extrinsic motivation to read increases, Mannie's intrinsic motivation will decrease.

3 multiple choice options

Studies have shown that when we see people drinking alcohol at parties and posting sexually-suggestive pictures of themselves on Facebook such observations increase the likelihood of us doing the same. These are all examples of how people follow:

Descriptive norms

3 multiple choice options

According to the text, which of the following provides the BEST explanation for why we follow the norms of important in-groups?

Because we want to follow group norms.

3 multiple choice options

Students from high schools across the country have shown up to take part in a track and field (athletics) meet. The stakes are high and the audience is large and noisy. According to Zajonc's theory of social facilitation, who should have the best performance at the meet?

Andy, who has a lot of experience running the 400-meter dash and who is experiencing a great deal of arousal.

3 multiple choice options

What is the best way to ensure external validity in a study?

All of the options listed

3 multiple choice options

After waking up late and rushing to get ready for work, Nina started her car and found that she had a flat tire. This discovery led Nina to feel angry and frustrated. Across town, Jeremiah knew that one of his front tires was getting low on air, but he decided to put off fixing it. When he tried to drive his daughter to school and found that his tire was flat, he felt guilty for not getting it repaired sooner. In this example, the different emotional reactions by Nina and Jeremiah are most likely a result of:

Their different appraisals of the situation

3 multiple choice options

Sandra is a beautiful woman. Research shows that others might have which of the following kind of expectations about Sandra based on her physical appearance?

She is socially skilled

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following statements about collectivistic cultures is true?

Compared to individualistic cultures, the self-concepts of those from collectivistic cultures are more inconsistent and even contradictory

3 multiple choice options

In a study by Latane and Darley (1968), participants filled out paperwork in a waiting room when, all of a sudden, smoke started pouring into the room. Participants in only one of the conditions reliably reported the smoke. What explanation was given to explain the failure of participants in the other conditions to also report the smoke?

The participants used the reactions of the two other 'participants' to infer that the situation was not an emergency

3 multiple choice options

Research examining the relation between culture and the experience of cognitive dissonance has shown that, when choosing between two fairly equally rated alternatives:

Individuals from individualistic cultures resolve dissonance by rating the chosen 一 alternative more positively.

3 multiple choice options

A manager at Company A likes to be supportive of her employees and she frequently tells them that they are doing a great job. A manager at Company B provides his employees with feedback on how to get the job done in the most efficient way possible. The manager at Company A is using. communications, whereas the manager from company B is using. communications.

socially-focused; task-focused

3 multiple choice options

_________ occurs when people's social identity is activated and group norms become maximally accessible.

Deindividuation

3 multiple choice options

A young father is writing a letter to his neighbors trying to convince them to build a new playground in their neighborhood. He's worried that, because his neighbors have such busy lives, they won't take his letter seriously. Given this information, what advice would you give to this young father?

Make the letter short and fill it with as many statistics about the relation between play and children's health as possible.

3 multiple choice options

_____ is the phenomenon in which a group's initial average position becomes more extreme following group interaction.

Group polarization

3 multiple choice options

Simon has an old car (that is probably worth $500 at most) that he wants to sell to an acquaintance named John. In which of the following scenarios will Simon's use of the door-in-the-face technique be most successful?

Simon first offers to sell John the car for $1000, but then when John refuses, Simon lowers the price to $500.

3 multiple choice options

According to your text, in which of the following situations would the motivation for accuracy in forming a first impression be highest?

Lloyd is told that he will be working cooperatively on a project with an individual who has been sober for 2 years.

3 multiple choice options

Jonathan sees a stranded motorist on the side of the freeway and pulls over to help the motorist change a flat tire. If Jonathan decided to help this person without expecting anything in return, then this is an example of:

Altruism

3 multiple choice options

Giselle is a serial monogamist. She is unhappy when she is not in a relationship, although when she is in a relationship, she often feels that her partners are reluctant to get as close to her as she would like. Giselle most clearly has a ________ attachment style.

preoccupied

3 multiple choice options

Donald acts the same around everyone. With Donald, what you see is what you get. Donald would clearly be classified as:

A low self-monitor

3 multiple choice options

Gina is a curvy, voluptuous woman. In which culture will she be perceived as most attractive?

In a culture in which resources are scarce.

3 multiple choice options

_______ is/are defined as the negative or positive evaluations of a social group and its members.

Prejudice

3 multiple choice options

In a study by Isen and Levin (1972) participants were put into either a good mood or a bad mood and their likelihood of helping a confederate pick up a fallen stack of books was recorded. The results showed that: Group of answer choices

People in happy moods were more likely to help than those in sad moods.

3 multiple choice options

Ramona has been sitting in traffic for the past hour and she has a headache. When she gets home, she yells at her husband who has burned their dinner. Ramona's actions provide a good example of:

Frustration-aggression theory

3 multiple choice options

Computer technicians at a company are working together to install a new email server on all of the company's computers. Which of the following group members should be MOST likely to engage in social loafing?

Gordon, an American male who is working behind the scenes and will not be held accountable for his work.

3 multiple choice options

Imagine that a university conducted an anonymous poll of students' views of cheating as well as their past cheating behavior. After reading the results of this survey, in which of the following scenarios should students be least likely to cheat?

When they learn that other students both disapprove of cheating and they have not cheated in the past.

3 multiple choice options

Marcie's best friend, who is usually kind, was just rude to Marcie. Marcie believes that her friend must be having a bad day. This judgment by Marcie about why her friend was rude to her is known as:

A causal attribution

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following is the best example of normative influence?

Greg gives a standing ovation at the concert, but he personally thinks that the band was sub-par.

3 multiple choice options

Jenna is the singer in a band. In which of the following situations will Jenna's band membership be most salient?

Jenna is eating at a restaurant and someone comes over and says they enjoyed her show last night.

3 multiple choice options

Maggie knows that, in order to get good grades, she should study 2 hours for every credit hour she takes. This knowledge of what she should do is known as a(n):

Injunctive social norm

3 multiple choice options

According to early research on technology and communication, which of the following forms of communication would best allow the voices of "lower-status" individuals to be heard?

Email

3 multiple choice options

Research by Darley and Latane attributed the 1964 murder of Kitty Genovese to which of the following factors?

Diffusion of responsibility

3 multiple choice options

Interracial interactions may cause some people to experience stress. Of the people described below, who is likely to experience the most stress?

Ed, a White male, who rarely interacts with Black individuals and who doesn't want to appear prejudiced because others would look down on him.

3 multiple choice options

In a classic study, Brewer and Kramer (1986) created a resource depletion dilemma in the laboratory. In which condition did people withdraw fewer resources from the common pool?

When they were made to identify with their group.

3 multiple choice options

Individuals who perceive negative events to be a _______ will be _______ to cope with the event in a successful and healthy way.

challenge; more likely

3 multiple choice options

__________ is a technique in which an influencer makes a huge request that is sure to be rejected, and then follows that request up with a smaller request that looks like a concession.

The door-in-the-face technique

3 multiple choice options

A researcher is interested in testing whether students who have recently been insulted are more or less likely to help a person in need. To study this issue, the researcher should make the independent variable and the dependent variable

the insults; helping behavior

3 multiple choice options

George believes that Macs are the best laptops because they rarely break down and they have a user-friendly interface. This belief of George's is an example of the ______ information that people have about attitude objects.

cognitive

3 multiple choice options

When Kate encounters a lot of stress, she often turns to friends for help. When Kate is not under stress she will often nurture her friends who are under stress, and continue to build up her social network. Kate seems to respond to stress using the ________ response.

tend-and-befriend

3 multiple choice options