THEORIES OF PERSONALITIES

Each person operates as one complete organism, actualization involves the whole person-physiological and intellectual, rational and emotional, conscious and unconscious

Each person operates as one complete organism, actualization involves the whole person-physiological and intellectual, rational and emotional, conscious and unconscious

Humanistic Theory

This postulates that all people everywhere are motivated by the same basic needs wherein that needs can be arranged on a hierarchy

Humanistic Theory

Tend to view personality as the result of internal characteristics that are genetically base

Traits Theories

This theory claimed that most of our behavior is determined by past events rather than molded by present goals

Psychodynamic Theories

Suggests that personality is a result of interaction between the individual and the environment.

Behavioral Theories

Are heavily influenced by the work of Sigmund Freud and emphasize the influence of the unconscious mind on personality

Psychodynamic Theories

According to this theory, defense mechanisms refer to psychological strategies or behaviors that people may use to cope with difficult feelings, thoughts, or events.

Psychodynamic Theories

This theory believes that people have the potential to grow toward psychological health, that is, self-actualization.

Humanistic Theory

Gordon Allport’s, Hans Eysenck’s, Raymond Cattell’s and McCrae & Costa’s theories are classified as

Traits Theories

Self-actualization needs include self-fulfillment, the realization of all one’s potential; and people who have reached this level become fully human

Humanistic Theory

Securely attached infants are confident in the accessibility and responsiveness of mother

 Mary Ainsworth's Attachment Style

Pertains to the mother’s breast, but very soon interest develops in the face and in the hands which attend to the infants’ needs and gratify them

Melanie Klein’s Object Relations Theory

The very early tendency of infants to relate to partial objects gives their experiences an unrealistic or fantasy-like quality that affects all later interpersonal relation

Melanie Klein’s Object Relations Theory

Firmly believed that the attachments formed during childhood have an important impact on adulthood, hence, childhood attachments are crucial to later development.

John Bowlby's Attachment Theory - Separation Anxiety

According to this theory, infants require adult caregivers not only to gratify physical needs but also to satisfy basic psychological needs

 Heinz Kohut’s Development of the Self

Three factors influence how a person will act on environment, individual characteristics, and behavior

Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

Observational learning has four component processes: attention, retention, production, and motivation

Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

Also known as “Mastering Self-Control” through amazing willpower with some people with the use of redirection of attention and cognitive reframing

Walter Mischel & Yuichi Shoda: The Marshmallow Test

Suggests that learning and behavior change are the result of reinforcement and punishment.

B.F. Skinner’s Behavioral Analysis

According to this, humans have evolved an advanced cognitive capacity for observational learning that enables them to shape and structure their lives through the power of modeling.

Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

Although Classical Conditioning is responsible for some human learning, Skinner believed that most human behaviors are learned through

Operant Conditioning

s any event that when added to a situation, increases the probability that a given behavior will occur, as described by Skinner in his theory of:

Positive Reinforcement

Bandura believes that people are self-regulating, proactive, self-reflective, and self-organizing and that they have the power to influence their own actions to produce desired consequences

Human Agency

Bandura described through this terminology that people believe that they are capable of performing certain behaviors that can produce desired outcomes in a particular situation.

Self – Efficacy

Walter Mischel acknowledged that most people have some consistency in their behavior, but he continued to insist that the situation has a powerful effect on behavior, refers to:

Person-Situation Interaction

When there is a misalignment and not a balance or overlap between the self-concept and the ideal self

 Incongruence

In this process of observational learning, a learned behavior will be enacted if it leads directly to a desired outcome

Motivation

After attending to a model and retaining what we have observed, we then produce the behavior, which refers to this one process governing observational learning, Bandura’s

Behavioral Production

In Skinner’s Behavioral Analysis, one of the hostile effects based on his Negative Punishment theory

Punishment is not forgotten, it’s suppressed, and may cause aggression

Maslow believed that if we understood the unconscious motivation underlying the behavior, we would recognize that the needs are not inverted as explained in his theory of:

Reversed Order of Needs

Abraham Maslow referred to these "Being" values as signs of psychological well-being, contrasting them with deficiency needs that drive individuals who have not reached self-actualization

Values of Self-actualizers

This theory posits that individuals are consistently driven by various needs and have the capacity to progress towards psychological well-being, as proposed by Abraham Maslow.

Holistic-dynamic theory

These needs are the basic needs of food, water, and shelter, thwarting of these needs produces pathology

Instinctoid Nature of Needs

A wide gap between the ideal self and self-concept indicates __________ and an unhealthy personality.

 Incongruence

The individual forms a desire for affection, approval, or acceptance from others, which Carl Rogers termed positive regard, and it is crucial for

Becoming a Person

Because each person operates as one complete organism, actualization involves the whole person – physiological and intellectual, rational and emotional, conscious and unconscious as assumed by Carl Rogers in his

Actualizing Tendency

Maslow's additional categories of needs suggest that individuals have a desire for knowledge, to explore mysteries, to gain understanding, and to cultivate curiosity, by testing hypotheses, and so forth, refers to

 Cognitive Needs

Maslow's other categories of needs are seen as non-productive and can result in stagnation and pathology, devoid of any value in the pursuit of self-actualization, refers to

Neurotic Needs

Maslow's other categories of needs are motivated by the need for beauty and aesthetically pleasing experiences, refers to

Aesthetic Needs

The statement describes Abraham Maslow's theory of motivation, which posits that individuals are continually driven by various needs and have the potential to progress towards psychological health, refers to theory of

Holistic – Dynamic Theory

Abraham Maslow's final assumption concerning motivation is that needs can be arranged on a hierarchy, refers to

Holistic – Dynamic Theory

Neither neurotic, nor psychotic, nor did they have a tendency toward, one of the criteria for self-actualization

 Free from psychopathology

Self-actualizing individuals fulfilled their needs to grow, develop, and to increasingly become what they were capable of becoming, as one of the criteria for self-actualizatio

Have full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, potentialities, etc

Self-actualizing individuals had no ever present threat to their safety, as one of the criteria for self-actualization.

Lived above the subsistence level