Development Unit Test AP Psychology - Ehret

THIS UNIT IS SO LONG CRAM DAMMIT

Mary Ainsworth

“Strange Situations” experiment developed three broad categories of attachment: 1. secure 2. insecure-resistant 3. insecure-avoidant

Diana Baumrind

Study developed distinct parenting styles: Authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, negligent

Erik Erikson

Developed the psychosocial stage theory for identity development

Carol Gilligan

Critique of Kohlberg - theorized that boys and girls do not come to moral conclusions the same way

Harry Harlow

Study in the 1950s that showed baby monkeys prefer contact (touch) over nourishment with surrogate mothers

Lawrence Kohlberg

Used the “Heinz Dilemma” to place moral development into three broad stages: pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross

Book, On Death and Dying, describes five stages of grief

Jean Piaget

Developed four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

John B. Watson

Proponent of the “nurture” argument of development - Radical Behaviorist - “All is learned — all is taught”

Lightly touching an infant’s cheek will result in the movement of the infant’s mouth to whichever side of his face was touched.

Rooting

When a baby’s foot is stroked, they will spread the toes

Babinski

If an object is placed into a baby’s palm or foot pad, the baby will try to grasp the object with their fingers or toes.

Grasping

When startled, a baby will fling their limbs out and then quickly retract them, making them as small as possible

Moro (startle)

When an object is placed into the baby’s mouth, the infant will suck on it.

Sucking

Sense of Self; Object permanence; “Timmy’s mom puts some lipstick on his nose. When placed in front of the mirror he wiggles around and tried to touch the mirror. Timmy does not touch his own nose.”

Sensorimotor

Development of language; Egocentric; Understand symbols

Preoperational

Conservation, logical principles, understands points of view, understands 2 concepts

Concrete Operational

Hypotheticals; abstract thinking

Formal Operational

Moral Development

Lawrence Kohlberg

judgement based only on fear of punishment

Pre-Conventional

A person considers the punishment when making a moral decision; You make decisions based on a law and order perspective

Conventional

You make decisions from a human rights perspective; you make decisions based on your personal standards

Post-Conventional

Timmy is 10 months old.  When his mother leaves the room, he cries for a little while and then continues to play.  When she returns, he goes over to her, and then plays happily again.

Secure Attachment

Terry babysits Timmy every afternoon and has noticed that when his mother leaves he is disinterested.  When his mother returns, Timmy doesn’t notice.

Insecure-Avoidant Attachment

Timmy refuses to let go of his mother when she tries to leave and cries profusely when she does actually leave.  When she returns, he clings to her and refuses to play.

Insecure-Resistant Attachment

parenting style: firm, punitive, and unsympathetic

Authoritarian

very lax about discipline and gives the child complete freedom

Permissive

firm but reasonable and explains why a child's behavior is incorrect

Authoritative

negligent.

Negligent

This parenting style is the most advantageous.

Authoritative

Stages of Psychosocial Development

Erik Erikson:

→infancy (0-1)

→toddlerhood (1-3)

→preschooler (3-5)

→elementary (6-puberty)

→adolescence (teens-20s)

→young adulthood (20s-early 40s)

→middle adulthood (40s-60s)

→late adulthood (late 60s+)

trust vs mistrust

infancy

autonomy vs shame and doubt

toddlerhood

initiative vs guilt

preschooler

competence vs inferiority

elementary

identity vs role confusion

adolescence

intimacy vs isolation

young adulthood

generativity vs stagnation

middle adulthood

integrity vs despair

late adulthood