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What is Globalization?
A process of broadening of interdependent relationships among people who are divided into national borders
What is Globalization broadly?
Transfer of people, goods, ideas, religions, political and legal systems, diseases, etc. across national borders
What is Globalization in business?
Reduction of barriers on movement of goods, services, capital, technology, people across national borders
What is International Business (IB)?
Any commercial transactions between two or more countries
What are some examples of companies that engage in International Business?
Coca-Cola, McDonald’s, Toyota, Microsoft, Samsung sell in over 100 countries
How do we measure Globalization?
Degree of Trade Openness between countries
Degree of Connectedness between countries
What is Trade Openness?
Physical goods easy to measure through customs
How can you measure the Degree of Trade Openness?
% of world production sold outside country of origin
Restriction levels on imports (tariffs, quotas, etc.)
Restriction on foreign ownership of assets
World trade (imports/exports) compared to world production
How can you measure the Connectedness between countries?
DHL Global Connectedness Index (flow of goods, capital, info, people)
How can we look at Globalization?
Through time
What is Globalization 1.0?
Silk Road
Birth of Han Dynasty
Trade between East and West in spices, silk, gunpowder, paper
What is Globalization 2.0?
Rise of European Colonial Empires to end WWII
Development of tech/weapons allowed travel for mercantilism
England, France, Portugal, Spain, Russia, Ottoman, Netherlands exploration and colonization of new lands
What is Globalization 3.0?
World Wars recovery and modern Multinational Enterprise (MNE) expansion
Golden Age of G-7
Foreign Direct Investment expansion
Export-Led Development
Spread of Democracy
Explosion of trade, people, tech
What is Globalization 4.0?
AntiGlobalization Movement and Modern Deglobalization
Rise of financial crises, income inequality, fraying of Democracy, shifts towards Totalitarianism, New Nationalism, Global Pandemics
What are the positive aspects of Globalization?
Spread of ideas and cultures
Efficient use of resource (more, lower cost)
More sales and more jobs
Increase in global competition
Better Research & Development and Tech
Ex: Coca-Cola Commercial
What are the negative aspects of Globalization?
Increase in competition (leads to unemployment due to automation, environmental stress, income inequality, personal stress)
Pandemics
Threats to National Sovereignty
Exploitation of people/countries
Over dependence
How is Threats to National Sovereignty a negative of globalization?
All politics is local
Small countries feel threatened and overly dependent
Cultural homogeneity threatens uniqueness
How is Environmental Stress a negative of globalization?
Depletion of planet’s limited resources
Pollution and Contamination
Emission of greenhouse gases and climate change
How is Growing Income Inequality and Stress a negative of globalization?
Greater division between rich and poor
Threat of job loss leads to personal stress
Rich countries also affected
How is Poverty Reduction a positive of globalization?
Lifted millions out of poverty and into the middle class since WWII
Reduction of Extreme Poverty
What is the definition of the Middle Class?
having enough money to cover basic needs like food, clothing, shelter, and still having enough left cover for luxuries like fancy food, a TV, a motorbike, home improvements, and education
What is Extreme Poverty?
A condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education, and information
What are the forces behind the current extent of globalization?
Increase in and application of technology (improvement in transportation/communication)
Liberalization of cross-border trade and resource movements
Development of services that support international business activities (transportation, banking, packages)
Growth of consumer pressures (most important)
Increased global competition
Changing political situations and government policies
Expansion of cross-national cooperation
What is deglobalization?
The process of diminishing interdependence and integration between national states
Deglobalization is a period of what?
A period when world trade and investment declines over time
What has added to Deglobalization?
COVID-19
2008 Financial Crisis
US Tariff Wars in 2018
WW1 and WW2
Great Depression
What is the DHL Global Connectedness Index?
Measures globalization on more than 3.5 million data points across 4 dimensions: trade flows, capital flows, information flows (internet), and people flows
Is the world in Deglobalization?
The world is NOT in Deglobalization and the benefits of Globalization remain very strong for companies and citizens
Why does Globalization matter to future managers?
A larger market for sales beyond home borders
To tap a wider availability of resources
To understand and respond to competition
Expanded career opportunities
What are the institutional and physical factors of the operating environment?
Globalization/IB
Cultural Factors
Political and Legal Factors
Economic Forces
Government Involvement
Society
What are the competitive factors of the operating environment?
Competitive product strategy
Company resources and experience
Competitors in each market
What are the Firm’s objectives?
Sales expansion
Resource acquisition
Risk reduction
How do Firm’s achieve their objective?
Merchandise exports/imports
Service exports/imports
Investments
Why do domestic firms go international?
To expand sales (growth and efficiency)
To acquire resources (not everything can be found at home)
Minimize risk (business cycle differences amongst countries, diversify suppliers across countries, counter competitors moves)
What are the Types of Market Penetration?
Direct Exports
Exporting Via Local Distributor
Licensing or Franchising
Sales Operation
Transportation and Distribution
Strategic Alliance
Foreign Direct Investment
What is Licensing or Franchising?
making a contractual arrangement to allow a foreign partner to use a brand
What is a Strategic Alliance?
Partnership between two or more firms that may or may not involve equity
What are the types of exports and imports?
Merchandise and Services
What are the types of merchandise?
Visible/Tangible goods
What are the types of Services?
Tourism and Transportation
Service Performance (turnkey, management contracts)
Assets Use (licensing, franchising)
What are the types of investments?
Foreign Direct Investment
Portfolio Investment
What are the types of Foreign Direct Investment?
Ownership + Controlling Interest:
Solo/Wholly Owned
Joint Venture
Mixed Venture
What are the types of Portfolio Investment?
Financial Interest/Non-Controlling:
Stocks, Loans, Bonds, Debit Notes, Bills
What is the fastest entry mode?
merchandise exporting
What is the most complex, costly, risky entry mode?
exporting
What is the least complex, costly, risky entry most?
FDI
What does the selection of modes depend on?
A number of factors and tradeoffs which might range from firm strategy to restrictions by host country governments
How is Offshoring Operations possible?
High degree of Globalization
What is Offshoring?
Transferring of certain business operations from the home country to other countries (ownership of these operations is maintained)
What is Reshoring?
Moving some operations to home country
What is Nearshoring?
Moving risky operations closer to home
What is Friendshoring?
Moving risky operations to friendly countries
What is Decoupling?
Undoing integrated operations by reshoring (mix)
What is Derisking?
Risk reduction by nearshoring or frienshoring
What is the difference between outsourcing and offshoring?
Offshoring = ownership maintained
Outsourcing = not owned by company
Domestic and Owned?
Onshoring
Abroad and Owned?
Offshoring
Domestic and Not Owned?
Outsourcing
Abroad and Not Owned?
Outsourcing
What are the differences between international and domestic business?
Physical and Societal Factors (geographic, political, legal, behavioral, economic)
Competitive Factors
Managers must track domestic and foreign environments
IB decision making is complex
How does complexity increase?
Level of internal control
Level of involvement/mode of operation
Number of countries of expansion
Differences among countries of expansion
Advantages of Offshoring
Lower labor costs
Sell more home goods in host country
Growth in host country creates more jobs at home
Boosts productivity at home
Disadvantages of Offshoring
Lower costs don't lead to lower prices
Jobs are lost at home
Low wage pressures on remaining home jobs
Exploits host country labor
Loss of control over suppliers
Risk of losing technology due to lax IP protection