CIS 2010 Exam 3

attributes (columns)

the data elements associated with an entity

data element

The smallest or basic unit of information

data redundancy

the duplication of data, or the storage of the same data in multiple places

database

maintains information about various types of objects (inventory), events (transactions), people (employees), and places (warehouses)

entity (table)

stores information about a person, place, thing, transaction, or event

foreign key

A primary key of one table that appears as an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationship between the two tables

identity management

a broad administrative area that deals with identifying individuals in a system (such as a country, a network, or an enterprise) and controlling their access to resources within that system by associating user rights and restrictions with the established identity

integrity constraints

rules that help ensure the quality of information

metadata

details about data

primary key

A field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a given entity in a table

record

a collection of related data elements

relational database model

allows users to create, read, update, and delete data in a relational database

structured query language (SQL)

users write lines of code to answer questions against a database

Bitcoin

a type of digital currency in which encryption techniques are used to regulate the generation of units of currency and verify the transfer of funds, operating independently of a central bank.

blocks

data

blockchain

A type of distributed ledger, consisting of blocks of data that maintain a permanent and tamper-proof record of transactional data

Cryptocurrency

A digital currency in which encryption techniques are used to regulate the generation of units of currency and verify the transfer of funds.

Decentralization

Degree to which decision-making authority is given to lower levels in an organization's hierarchy.

Digital Ledger

a bookkeeping list of assets, identified ownership, and transactions that record the transfer of ownership among participants

Distributed Computing

processes and manages algorithms across many machines in a computing environment

Double-spend

occurs when someone alters a blockchain network and inserts a special one that allows them to reacquire a cryptocurrency.

Hash

a function that converts an input of letters and numbers into an encrypted output of a fixed length

Miners

Immutability

the ability for a blockchain ledger to remain a permanent, indelible, and unalterable history of transactions

Proof-of-Work

a requirement to define an expensive computer calculation, also called mining, that needs to be performed in order to create a new group of trustless transactions (blocks) on the distributed ledger or blockchain

Algorithm

mathematical formulas placed in software that performs ab analysis on a data set

Assignment

Code (coding)

A way of describing observed behaviour using a set of predetermined categories.

Constant

A value that does not change

Conditions (selections)

expressions that evaluate to either true or false

Equation

An arithmetic expression that equates one set of conditions to another

Expression

Any valid unit of code that resolves to a value.

Integer

All whole numbers (both positive and negative) and zero.

Whole numbers

Loops

running the same sequence multiple times

Program (programming)

An algorithm that has been coded into something that can be run by a machine.

Real number

numbers that include fractions/values after the decimal point

Sequences

Performs steps in an effective or logical order and with an absence of (1) randomness or lack of logic in the ordering and (2) inappropriate repetition of steps

Strings

a sequence of characters, either as a literal constant or as some kind of variable

Alphanumeric characters

Variable

a value that can change, depending on conditions or on information passed to the program

Alpha Testing

a preliminary software field test carried out by a team of users in order to find bugs that were not found previously through other tests

Analysis phase

the firm analyzes its end-user business requirements and refines project goals into defined functions and operations of the intended system

bugs

defects in the code of an information system

business requirements

the specific business requests the system must meet to be successful

Corrective maintenance

makes system changes to repair design flaws, coding errors, or implementation issues

Design Phase

Establishes descriptions of the desired features and operations of the system including screen layouts, business rules, process diagrams, pseudo code, and other documentation

Development phase

takes all the detailed design documents from the design phase and transforms them into the actual system

Development Testing

used at key checkpoints in the overall process to determine whether objectives are being met

Implementation phase

the organization places the system into production so users can begin to perform actual business operations with it

Integration Testing

verify that separate systems can work together passing data back and forth correctly

Maintenance phase

the orga

Planning phase

establishes a high-level plan of the intended project and determines project goals

Preventive maintenance

makes system changes to reduce the chance of future system failure

Programming language

refers to a unique set of keywords along with a special syntax for organizing program instructions that execute computer commands

project

A temporary activity a company undertakes to create a unique product, service, or result

Pseudocode

an informal description of a sequence of steps for solving a problem

Software engineering

a disciplined approach for constructing information systems through the use of common methods, techniques, or tools

System Testing

To ensure that the software does what the customer wants it too

Systems development lifecycle

The Systems development lifecycle (SDLC) is the process of developing software or information systems from start to finish.

Testing phase

brings all the project pieces together into a special testing environment to eliminate errors and bugs and verify that the system meets all the business requirements defined in the analysis phase

Unit Testing

Unit testing is a software development process in which the smallest testable parts of an application, called units, are individually and independently tested for proper operation.

User Acceptance Testing

Conducted by the customer to ensure that system satisfies the contractual acceptance criteria before being singed off as meeting user needs

After-party

Instructions to finalize the task after the loop ends

Algorithms

very specific, step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems

Conditions

A test that determines true or false. True=running loop false=stops loop

Data types

a classification that specifies which type of value a variable has and what type of mathematical, relational or logical operations can be applied to it without causing an error.

Boolean: Representing logical values

Data Type: Used for

Integer: Whole numbers

String: Alphanumeric characters

Boolean

Representing logical values

Exit Strategy

changing variables associated with the condition so the loop eventually stops

Functions

a named set of computer logic to accomplish a specific task

IF statement

To test if a condition is true (e.g. if age >17)

Loop Work

The instructions you want repeated

Loops

A loop is used to repeat code in your program.

Setup

WHILE statement

Feasibility

the measure of the tangible and intangible benefits of an information system

Intangible benefits

difficult to quantify or measure

Tangible benefits

easy to quantify and typically measured to determine the success or failure of a project

Triple Constraint

REPRESENTS KEY ELEMENTS OF A PROJECT THAT, WHEN BALANCED WELL, WILL LEAD TO SUCCESS

Artificial Intelligence

Simulates human intelligence such as the ability to reason and learn

Augmented reality

the viewing of the physical world with computer-generated layers of information added to it

Deep Learning

a process that employs specialized algorithms to model and study complex datasets; the method is also used to establish relationships among data and datasets

Expert Systems

Computerized advisory programs that imitate the reasoning processes of experts in solving difficult problems

Fuzzy logic

a mathematical method of handling imprecise or subjective information

General AI

the intelligence of machines that allows them to comprehend, learn, and perform intellectual tasks much like humans.

Genetic Algorithm

an artificial intelligence system that mimics the evolutionary, survival-of-the-fittest process to generate increasingly better solutions to a problem

Machine Learning

A type of artificial intelligence that leverages massive amounts of data so that computers can improve the accuracy of actions and predictions on their own without additional programming.

Narrow AI

technologies that can perform specific tasks as well as, or better than, humans.

Neural Networks

a category of AI that attempts to emulate the way the human brain works

Reinforcement Learning

The training of machine learning models to make a sequence of decisions

Virtual Reality

A computer-simulated environment that can be a simulation of the real world or an imaginary world

Unsupervised learning

the use of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to identify patterns in data sets containing data points that are neither classified nor labeled.

Supervised learning

an approach to creating artificial intelligence (AI), where a computer algorithm is trained on input data that has been labeled for a particular output.

attribute

the data elements associated with an entity

DBMS (Database Management System)

creates, reads, updates, and deletes data in a database while controlling access and security

entity

stores information about a person, place, thing, transaction, or event