AP Human Geography Unit 2

What does the demographic transition model explain?

It explains population change over time.

What does the epidemiological transition describe?

It explains the causes of changing death rates.

How has the changing role of females affected fertility rates globally?

Changing social values and access to education, employment, health care, and contraception have reduced fertility rates.

What demographic consequences arise from changing social, economic, and political roles for females?

These changes influence patterns of fertility and mortality.

Demography

The study of population statistics.

What does the demographic transition model explain?

It explains population change over time.

What does the epidemiological transition describe?

It explains the causes of changing death rates.

How has the changing role of females affected fertility rates globally?

Changing social values and access to education, employment, health care, and contraception have reduced fertility rates.

What demographic consequences arise from changing social, economic, and political roles for females?

These changes influence patterns of fertility and mortality.

Demography

The study of population statistics.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Model used by geographers to analyze and predict trends in population growth and decline including patterns of births, deaths and natural increase rates.

What is the relationship between Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and child survival in Stage One?

High TFR due to low child survival rates, leading to high Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and Child Mortality Rate (CMR).

What is a reason for high child labor demand in agricultural societies during Stage One?

Children are needed for labor in agricultural societies.

What factors contribute to a high Crude Death Rate (CDR) in Stage One?

Short life expectancy, famine, poor diet, inadequate housing, disease, and warfare.

What is the Natural Increase Rate in Stage One?

Low growth.

Are there any countries currently in Stage One of demographic transition?

No countries are in this stage; it is considered a historic stage.

What is the population composition characteristic of Stage One?

Youth dependency.

What remains the same regarding the Crude Birth Rate (CBR) in Stage Two?

The CBR remains the same as in the previous stage.

What factors contribute to the decline in the Crude Death Rate (CDR) in Stage Two?

Improved nutrition, sanitation, and medicines contribute to the decline in CDR.

What is the Natural Increase Rate (NIR) in Stage Two?

The NIR is characterized by rapid growth.

Name three examples of countries in Stage Two of demographic transition.

Niger, Mali, and South Sudan are examples of LDCs in Stage Two.

What is a notable feature of population composition in Stage Two?

The population composition has a high youth dependency.

What are the main reasons for the decline in Crude Birth Rate (CBR) in Stage Three?

Urbanization reduces the need for child labor, leading to fewer children; increased healthcare, female employment, and education also contribute.

What causes the decline in Crude Death Rate (CDR) in Stage Three?

Life expectancy increases due to advancements from previous stages.

How does the Natural Increase Rate change in Stage Three?

The growth slows compared to earlier stages.

What are examples of Semi-Periphery countries?

Turkey, Mexico, Indonesia, and India.

What is the population composition in Stage Three countries?

The society is still young, but there are more people surviving longer.

What happens to the Crude Birth Rate (CBR) in Stage Four?

The CBR remains the same as in the previous stage.

What is the trend in the Crude Death Rate (CDR) during Stage Four?

The CDR decreases as life expectancy continues to increase.

What is the trend of the Natural Increase Rate in Stage Four?

It falls and then stabilizes at low growth.

Name some examples of countries in Stage Four.

Majority of More Developed Countries (MDCs) such as China, Australia, Canada, South Korea, and the United States.

How does population composition change in Stage Four?

It begins to shift towards an elderly dependency.

What is the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) for replacement level in Stage Five?

2

What does Zero Population Growth (ZPG) indicate?

A condition where the population size remains stable, with no net increase.

What is the characteristic of the Natural Increase Rate in Stage Five?

Negative or very low.

What are two examples of countries in Stage Five?

Japan and Germany.

What is a notable feature of population composition in Stage Five?

A high elderly dependency ratio.

Why is the Crude Death Rate (CDR) low in Stage Five?

Because the population is most medically advanced.

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

Predictable stages in disease and life expectancy that countries experience as they develop which corresponds with the stages of the DTM.

Pestilence & Famine Stage of Epidemiologic.

Infectious Diseases

- Cholera

- Tuberculosis

Pandemics & Epidemics

Animal Attacks & Accidents

Malnutrition.

Receding Pandemics Stage of Epidemiologic.

Pandemics and infectious diseases decline due to new medical advances, sanitation and improved nutrition.

Degenerative & Human Made Diseases, Stage of Epidemiologic.

Diseases associated with aging and lifestyle choices

- Heart Disease

- Cancer

Delayed Degenerative Diseases Stage of Epidemiologic.

Diseases associated with aging and lifestyle choices can be delayed with medical advancements.

Alzheimer's

Dementia

Reemergence of Infectious Diseases Stage of Epidemiologic.

Bacteria and parasites become resistant to antibiotics and vaccines.

Reemergence of infectious diseases.

Ebola

COVID-19

What model explains population change over time?

The demographic transition model

What does the epidemiological transition explain?

The causes of changing death rates

What is the Malthusian theory?

A theory that suggests population growth will outpace food production, leading to famine and societal collapse.

What are some critiques of the Malthusian theory?

Critiques include its failure to account for technological advancements in agriculture and the role of social and economic factors in population control.

How does the Malthusian theory explain the consequences of population growth?

It posits that unchecked population growth leads to resource depletion, environmental degradation, and increased mortality rates.

What role does technology play in population growth according to critiques of the Malthusian theory?

Critics argue that technological innovations can increase food production and resources, mitigating the dire predictions of Malthusian theory.

What is a key consequence of population decline?

Population decline can lead to labor shortages, economic stagnation, and challenges in sustaining social services.

Carrying Capacity

The amount of population that can healthly stay in the environment.

Point of crisis

When population goes over food (on a chart)

Malthus' Claim

Population grows exponentially while food output only grows arithmetically. This would result in a food shortage and famine due to overpopulation.

Exponentially

A growth pattern where values increase by multiplying by a constant factor, e.g., 2, 4, 8, 16.

Arithmetically

A growth pattern where values increase by adding a constant, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4.

Malthus theory was made in.....

1700s

What are some factors that slowed population theory?

Contraceptives, education and advancement of women, famine.

What are some factors that have increased farming efficiency?

Mechanized farming, hybrid seeds, and chemical fertilizers.

What are some criticisms of the Malthusian theory?

Factors that slowed population growth, factors that increased farming, new technology.

How does population growth affect food supply according to Boserup's Theory?

Food supply is impacted directly by population growth, leading to the development of new technologies to increase food production.

What does Boserup suggest about farmers' efficiency in food production?

Boserup states that farmers do not farm efficiently and quickly; if they did, there would be no food problem.

According to Boserup, what is the relationship between population and food availability?

Population is NOT tied to food availability or production.

Definition of Neo

New

What do Neo-Malthusians believe about the earth's resources?

They believe that the earth's resources cannot sustain a finite (limited) population.

What trend is observed in birth rates in developed countries?

There is a trend of decreasing birth rates.

What are some environmental strains caused by population pressures?

Strain on natural resources, water insecurity, desertification, and pollution of air and water.

What issue arises from overconsumption according to Neo-Malthusians?

Overconsumption leads to famine and starvation.

What is the Malthusian theory?

A theory that suggests population growth will outpace food production, leading to famine and population decline.

What are some critiques of the Malthusian theory?

Critiques include its failure to account for technological advancements in agriculture and changes in consumption patterns.

How does the Malthusian theory relate to population change?

It analyzes how unchecked population growth can lead to resource depletion and societal consequences.

What are the consequences of population decline according to population theories?

Consequences can include labor shortages, economic decline, and increased dependency ratios.

What role do technological advancements play in population theories?

Technological advancements can mitigate the effects of population growth by increasing food production and resource efficiency.

Explain the intent and effects of various population and immigration policies on population size and composition. 

• Types of population policies include those that promote or discourage population growth, such as pronatalist, antinatalist, and immigration policies. 

What are Pro-Natalist Population Policies?

They are government programs designed to increase fertility rate and boost population growth.

Which stages would Pro-Natalist population policies be in?

Stage 4 and Stage 5.

Define Propaganda in Pro-Natalist population policies

a Pro-Natalist method, ethnic and national pride, anti-immigration.

What are some Pro-Natalist Financial support and incentives?

Child care, good maternity/paternity leave, free education, tax breaks for kids, housing subsides, good healthcare, subside everyday child care costs (diapers).

Define Anti-Natalist Population policies

Government programs designed to decrease the fertility rate and slow down population growth.

Why are their Anti-Natalist population policies.

Overpopluation, rapid growth, limited resources, reduce risk of famine.

What stages would Anti-Natalist population policies be?

Stage 2 countries.

Why are there Pro-Natalist Population policies?

Aging populations, declining population, needs stronger labor force.

Define propaganda in Anti-Natalist population policies

Economic fears, smaller families are more prosperous. Encourage later marriage, less children, acceptance of girls.

Anti-Natalist financial disincentives

Fines and taxes per child, sometimes 10-20% of income sometimes higher.

Anti-Natalist financial incentives.

Prizes and rewards, discounts on childcare, cash bonuses, preferentail housing, loans, cars, etc.

Anti-Natalist family planning and contraception

Family planning- free community health programs, Access to low cost or free contraceptives, legalization of abortion, and sterilization campaigns.

What are some unintended consequences of Anti-Natalist policies?

Forced sterilization and abortions, abandonment of babies, sex-selective abortions favoring boys over girls, skewed sex ratio which impacts future marriage and reproduction.

What is some of the 21st century focus on population growth?

Address social issues instead of targeting population, aid countries in economic development or fighting AIDS/HIV. Focus on gender empowerment and equality.