Botany module 1, plant cells and cyanobacteria

viruses, cyanobac and plant cell overview

plant anatomy

internal structure

plant phisiology

movements, photosynthesis, functions

Plant Morphology

external structure

Plant Taxonomy

science of naming and classifying plants

Plant Ecology

Interaction between plants and their environments

plant systematics

diversity and evolution history

ethno botany

human use of plants

Carolus Linnaeus

(1707-1778) Founder of taxonomy, the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying organisms. Developed two part system of naming organisms. binomial nomenclature

international naming rules

linnaeus is the starting point. NEW? 1. publish description 2. get an annotated specimen in a herbarium

eukaria

everything else except bacteria

Bacteria

"true Bacteria" single cell, have peptidoglycan

kingdom of plants

Plantae

specific epithet

abbreviated part of scientific name referencing the namer of the plant

dichotomous key

2 questions to narrow down till you get the species

cladistics/cladogram

phylogenic relations between, organisms that have same features are a clade, cladogram is a diagram of the common ancestors and traits

characteristics of life

metabolism, response to stimuli, growth and development, reproduction, made of cells (organization), adapt and evolve

Galileo Galilei

made the first microscope

Robert Hook

observed and named cells

malpoghi and grew

different plants have different tissue types

leeuwenhoek

First to observe living cells of bacteria and protists from teeth

baptiste de lemarek

living things are made of one or more cells

robert brown

saw and named nucleus

Schleiden and Schwann

plants and animals are all made of cells

Virchow

All cells come from pre-existing cells

primary cell wall component

cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, glycoproteins (rebar)

secondary cell walls

walls of lignin and cellulose inside primary, woody plants (cement)

plasmodesmata

An open channel in the cell wall of plants connect adjacent cells

rough edoplasmic reticulum

a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It has ribosomes attached

smooth er

free of ribosomes lipid sythesis

dictyosomes

Stacks of flattened vesicles collect and package for distibution are leaving cells

plastids

umbrella for chloroplasts photosynthesis and color

thykaloid

Flattened sac of membrane on chloroplast that contains chlorophyll and other pigments that carry out photosynthesis

granum

stack of thylakoids, light reactions

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement. microtubules and microfilaments

Stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids, does dark reactions

chromoplast

Organelles that contain pigments (carotenoid) used in photosynthesis.

leucoplast

stores starch and oil

microbodies

bags of digestive enzymes to break down. peroxisome, glyoxisomes

parts of mitochondria

inner membrane, outer membrane, cristae- folds of inner membrane, matrix- fluid

plasimds

dna of bacteria sometimes with a bonus, loop

bacteria cell type

all prokaryotic

niche

role in habitat

cocci/coccus

spherical bacteria

bacilli/bacillus

Rod shaped bacteria

spirilla/spirillum

spiral shaped bacteria

how do bacteria get energy

nutrients from decomp, chemosynthesis, photo

conjugation

one bacteria gives another its plasmid with a pilli

transformation

bacteria get dna fragments from the environment

transduction

bacteriophages (virus) act as pollinators

Kingdom Bacteria: class Eubacteriae

have peptidoglycan, decompose (saprobes) (Heterotropic- cant make own food) or paracitic, or autotophic

Importance

compost, cause disease, can kill caterpillaars and mosquitoes (bacillus) bioremidiation (oil spill) food (cheese yogurt) digestion, chemical production, nitrogen and sulfer cycles

King B; Class Cyanobacteria

blue/green bacteria, have chlotophyll a (higher plants)

phycobilins

pigment

phycocyanin

blue pigment

phycoerythrin

red pigment

special? cyanobaceria

only organism that makes O2 and foxes Nitrogen into something usefull

where are cyanobacteria

hot springs, polluted water, vernal pools artic, desert, ditches

lichens

fungi and blue green bacteria or algae

chain form

have akinetes with thick cells walls for harsh conditions and heterocysts for nitrogen fixing

filament form, colony form

rod, blob- cells are individuals in a whole

cyanobacteria movement and energy

glide and photosynthesis

reproduce

binary fission or colony fragmentation- algae blooms cause lack of oxygen in water

importance of cyanobacteria

producers in food chains, make water smell/taste bad, liberate O2, fix nitrogen, spirulina are edible, cause swimmers itch (lyngbya)

Archaea domain and kingdom

no peptidoglycan, differ in metabolism from "true" bacteria

Archea methanogens

Archaea that release methane, anaerobic, in animals, swamps, sewage

Archea Halophiles

salt bacteria, saline condition, rhodopsin red pigment

Archea sulfolobus

sulfur in hot springs/ocean vents, thermophilic (love heat) tolerate acid

virus def.

tiny biologic particles, protein shell surrounding dna or rna. no cell structure or cytoplasm, non motile, mutate fast