HAN 312 Chapter 10+17

nervous system function

• carry impulses between brain, neck, head, spinal nerves

• release neurotransmitters

• control voluntary n involuntary bodily functions

CNS

• brain

• spinal cord

PNS (peripheral NS)

• nerves throughout body

  • cranial n. (12 pairs)

  • spinal n. (31 pairs)

  • autonomic n. - involuntary function

    • parasympathetic (rest digest) n sympathetic (fight flight)

sympathetic NS

• influence bodily function during stress

  • fight or flight

parasympathetic NS

• heart rate

• breathing

• GI tract mm

• rest n digest

brain division

• cerebrum

• diencephalon

• cerebellum

• brainstem

cerebrum

• largest n uppermost portion of brain

• left n right halves (cerebral hemispheres)

• subdivided into lobes

cerebral cortex

• surface nerve cells

• gray matter

• control higher mental function

  • speech, vision, smell, movement, hearing, thought

gyrus

• raised convolution on surface of cerebrum

sulcus

• groove or fissure on surface of brain

cerebral lobes

• frontal

• occipital

• parietal

• temporal

frontal lobe

• front portion of cerebrum

• controls voluntary mm movement

• for emotions

occipital lobe

• back portion of cerebrum

• vision

parietal lobe

• middle top portion of cerebrum

• perception of touch, temp, pain

temporal lobe

• below frontal lobe

• controls hearing, smell, memory, emotion, speech, behavior

diencephalon , hypophysis

• deep in brain that have thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland

• for directing sensory info to cortex

thalamus

• integrates n monitors impulses from skin

  • ie: pain

hypothalamus

• under thalamus

• controls body temp, sleep, appetite, sexual desire, hormones

pituitary gland

• release hormone

cerebellum , hindbrain

• posterior part of brain

• coordinates voluntary mm n maintain balance

wernicke’s area

• language comprehension

  • understanding

• in temporal lobe

broca’s area

• language expression

  • speech

• in frontal lobe

brainstem

• connect brain to spinal cord

• assist in

  • breathing

  • heart rhythm

  • vision

  • consciousness

• include

  • midbrain

  • pon

  • medulla oblongata

midbrain , mesencephalon

• uppermost part

• connects brainstem to cerebellum

• control sensory processes

pons

• bridges cerebrum n cerebellum with rest of brain

• houses nerves for face n eyes

medulla oblongata

• connects brain n spinal cord

• controls

  • respiration

  • heartbeat

  • blood vessel size

corpus callosum

• connects brain hemispheres

• thick band of white fiber

ventricle

• one of four interconnected cavities within brain

• contain n secrete cerebrospinal fluid

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

• colorless fluid circulates in n around brain + spinal cord

• protector

• transport nutrients

meninges

• membranous covering of brain n spinal cord

• layers (outer to inner)

  • dura mater

  • arachnoid

  • pia mater

dura mater

• strong fibrous outermost layer of meninges

• subdural space

arachnoid

• delicate fibrous membrane in middle layer of meninges

• subarachnoid space

pia mater

• thin inner layer of meninges

• attaches directly to brain n spinal cord

spinal cord

• portion of CNS in spinal or vertebral canal

• for nerve conduction to n from brain + body

• start at brainstem n end at first+second lumbar vertebrae

• culminates in cauda equina

neurons / nerve cell

• individual n. cells that make basic structure of nervous system

• conduct impulses

• 10 billion in adults

• collect into macroscopic nerves

neuron parts

• dendrite

• cell body

• cell nucleus

• axon

  • myelin sheath

• terminal end fibers

  • secrete neurotransmitters across synapse

ganglion

• group of n. cell bodies located along pathway of nerve

plexus

• interlacing network of nerves

neurotransmitters

• chemical messenger released into synapse by neuron

• stimulate or inhibit cell

nerves

• cordlike structure that transmit stimuli

afferent / sensory nerves

• carry messages toward brain

efferent / motor nerves

• carry messages away from brain

mixed nerves

• carry both sensory n motor fibers

nerve roots

• dorsal - carry sensory impulses toward spinal cord/brain

• ventral - carry motor impulses away from brain/spinal cord to mm or glands

cranial nerves

• 12 pairs of nerves that emerge from cranium

spinal nerves

• 31 pairs of nerves that emerge from spine

neuroglia , glia

• cells that support n protect nervous tissue

• don’t transmit impulses

CNS nerve cells

• astrocytes

• oligodendrocytes

• ependymal cells

• microglia

astrocytes

• provide structural (BBB) n metabolic support

• repair cells

oligodendrocytes

• myelinate axons in brain

• insulate electrical impulses

ependymal cells

• make n move CSF

microglia

• defense n immune response

PNS nerve cells

• satellite cells

• schwann cells

satellite cells

• provide structural n metabolic support for cell body of neurons

schwann cells

• myelinate axons in PNS

• insulate electrical impulses

poli/o

• gray

esthesi/o

• sensation

• perception

phas/o

• speech

lex/o

• word

• phrase

my/o

• mm

kines/o

• movement

tax/o

• order

• coordination

encephal/o

• brain

crani/o

• cranium

• skull

cephal/o

• head

cerebr/o

• cerebrum

cortic/o

• cortex

thalam/o

• thalamus

cerebell/o

• cerebellum

pont/o

• pons

mening/o , meningi/o

• meninges

thec/o

• sheath (referring to meninges)

dur/o

• hard, dura mater

ventricul/o

• ventricle

spin/o

• spine

spondyl/o , vertebr/o

• vertebra

myel/o

• spinal cord

• bone marrow

gangli/o , ganglion/o

• ganglion

gli/o

• glue

• neroglia

olig/o

• few

• scanty

neur/o

• nerve

radicul/o

• nerve root

vag/o

• vagus n

hemi-

• half

epi-

• on

• following

hyper-

• above

• excessive

hypo-

• below

• deficient

para-

• beside

poly-

• many

• much

quadri-

• four

-phrenia

• the mind

-phasia

• speech

-kinesia , -kinesis , -kinetic

• movement

-praxia

• action

-sthenia

• strength

alges/o

• excessive sensitivity to pain

esthesi/o

• nervous sensation

syncop/o

• cut off

somn/o , somn/i

• sleep

narc/o

• stupor

• sleep