Unit VII Basal Ganglia and White Matter (Final Exam)

Which nuclei are considered as the neostriatum?

Caudate and putamen

Which nuclei are considered as the corpus striatum?

Caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus

Which nuclei are considered as the lentiform nuclei?

Putamen and globus pallidus

What make up the basal ganglia?

Caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, amygdaloid complex

What is another name for globus pallidus?

paleostriatum

What is another name for the amygdaloid complex?

Archistriatum

Are the basal ganglia pyramidal or extrapyramidal?

Extrapyramidal

What do striatal lesions lead to?

Dyskinesia

What can cause parkinsonism (resting tremor)?

Substantia nigra not producing dopamine or caudate/putamen not storing dopamine

What can result from damage to the corpus striatum (caudate, putamen, globus pallidus) (GABA deficiency)?

Chorea, graceful involuntary movement

What can result from damage to the subthalamic nuclei or lesions to globus pallidus?

Ballism or hemiballism

Where does the caudate nucleus receive afferent fibers from?

All lobes of the cortex, thalamus, substantia nigra, and putamen

Where do efferent fibers from the caudate nucleus go?

Putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, thalamus

Where does the putamen nucleus receive afferent fibers from?

All lobes of the cortex, thalamus, substantia nigra, caudate

Where do efferent fibers from the putamen nucleus go?

Caudate, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, thalamus

Where does putamen store dopamine?

Nigrostriatal axon telodendria

What separates globus pallidus into medial and lateral segments?

medial medullary lamina

What separates globus pallidus from the putamen?

lateral medullary lamina

Where does globus pallidus receive afferent fibers (pallidal fibers) from?

Caudate, putamen, subthalamic nucleus

Where do efferent fibers from globus pallidus go?

Anterior aspect of thalamus

Where does the amygdala receive input from?

Olfactory tract, hypothalamus, neocortex

The amygdala is considered to be part of what?

Limbic system

What is amygdaloid activity associated with?

Fear and anger

Those with a lower function amygdala have less _________.

Fear

What is the collective term for the white matter of the telencephalon?

Centrum semiovale

What is the collective term for the gray matter of the telencephalon?

Cerebral cortex or pallium

What fiber types are present in white matter?

Projection axons, commissural axons, association axon bundles

Where do most of the projection axons of white matter travel?

Corona radiata and internal capsule

What is the largest structure made up of commissural axons?

Corpus callosum

How many neurons are in the corpus callosum?

300 million

Which parts are included in the corpus callosum?

Splenium, body, genu, rostrum, forceps anticus, forceps posticus, tapetum

What can lesions or surgery on the corpus callosum lead to?

Alien hand syndrome

Which fibers are the most abundant in white matter?

Association axon bundles (fasciculi)

What do the short fibers of the association axon bundles connect?

Adjacent/near structures

What do the long fibers of the association axon bundles connect?

Distal parts of the same hemisphere