JEANS exam 1: all about cell reps

difference in ploidy level tween a soma cella nd germ cell

soma- 2n or diploid

germ- haploid aka n

During cytokinesis of plant cells, a contractile ring assembles around the plasma membrane constricting it and forming a cleavage furrow.

t or f

f. this is for animals only

A diploid cell has two sets of 10 homologous chromosomes. How many pairs of sister chromatids does the cell have after its DNA have replicated (G2 phase)?

20

blank ammt of sets of chroms r found in human soma cell and blank ammt found within one set

two sets. 22

karyotype def and what stage of chroms r here

this is a visual rep of how chroms look. will show the 22 plus sex pairs. seen at metaphase.

it can help show counts, genetic badness, structure/size

procedure for making a karyotype FOUR STEPS

1- samp collection from wbc or bone marrow

2- make em grow in lab and make sure you keep them in metaphase by adding colchicine . then use centrifuge

3- harvest cells through hypotonic solution use.

4- anoter centrifuge round to concentrate cells. then put in a fixative, stain it and put on slide

binary fission is used by blank. this is when..

bacteria.

basically this is a way to do asex repro. the mom cell just divides into daughter cells thru formation of a septum

the blank tein is seen in binary fission

ftsZ

how similar are homolog chroms vs sex chroms

more than 99 cent identical

sex= verrryy different

how many diff arrangements could happen during meiosis 1 during prophase

8 million

binary fission vs mei 1 vs mei 2 vs mito

who has synapsis

who has diploid cells as end result

who has haploid cells as a result

who has a pair of sister chromatids on ONE pole only during meta

who aligns in a double row

who is usually with prokary

who is with euks

who has pair of sister chroms sepping during anaphase

who has chiasma

who makes four daughter cells

who makes 2 daughter cells

who is asexual

who has a pair of sister chroms on both poles during meta

who has sister chromatids (during metaphase)

who has bivalents

who aligns in a single row

who has synapsis- mei 1

who has two diploid cells as end result- mito

who has haploid cells as a result- the meiS and binary fiz

who has a pair of sister chromatids on ONE pole only- mei 1

who aligns in a double row- mei 1

who is usually with prokary- binary fiz

who is with euks- mito and the meiS

who has pair of sister chroms sepping during anaphase- mito and mei 2

who has tetrads sepping during anaphae- mei 1

who has chiasma- mei 1

who makes four daughter cells- mei 2

who makes 2 daughter cells- mito and binary fiz

who is asexual- bin fiz

who has a pair of sister chroms on both poles during metaphase - mito and mei 2

who has sister chromatids (during metaphase)- mito and mei 2

who has bivalents- mei 1

who aligns in a single row- mito and mei 2

synapsis seen in blank of blank. this means

zygotene of prophase mei 1. this is where mom pair and dad pair (must be homo in nature) begin to align themsleves along their lengths

chiasma seen in blank of blank. def HUH

pachytene. when the crossing over is seen at this spe site the connection that results from that crossover event is called chiasma

crossing over def

when chroms physically exchange w themselves

spermatogenesis vs oogenesis- describe the process

spermatogenesis- the spermatogonial cells divide by mito to make two of the same cells. one of remains a spermatogonial cell while the other becomes a primary spermatocyte. it will go thru mei 1 and 2 to make four haploid cells aka spermatids that mature int osperm cells

oogenesis- happening in the ovary;s oogonia where oogonia cells are made b4 birth. some of them go int o mei 1’s prophase and are ARRESTED (dormant phase). the cuffs turn them int oprimary oocytes. things get to continue when the female become sexually mature. moving on, we come to a first time meiotic div that is asyymm and makes a secondary oocyte and a much smaller cell called a polar body. the secondary oocyte go thru mei 2 as it released from the ovary aka ovulation to the uterus. if sperm hits this 2ndary oocyte meiosis 2 gets completed. the secondary oocyte makes a haploid egg and a second polar body.

order of bin fiz

five steps

• Cells replicate their DNA.

• The filamentous protein FtsZ (similar to a tubulin protein) moves to the division site.

• The filaments assemble into a ring structure called the Z-ring.

• The protein FtsZ recruits other proteins to form a septum. A septum is a wall between daughter cells.

• The bacterial cell has divided into 2 daughter cells.

what is ftsZ doing

helping drive cell division as a protein that polymerizes into filamets which then form the z ring

when r chroms shown in sis dyad form

synthesis

after mei 1’s anaphase

mei 2’s prophase through metaphase shows sis chroms but with their gene info exchanged

kinetchore func

protein part on the chrom that links to the spindle appartus’s tubules during mito and mei

centromere

a region on the chrom where the kinetchore is housed

centrosome vs centrioles

a centrosome is a microtubule organizing center (where centrioles are located) in eukaryotic cells. both func to bring order to the tubules and form the mitotic spindle

match!

astral, kinetchore, polar (microtubs)

---

extend from each spindle pole and overlap at center of cell to push poles apart

attach to chroms at their kinetochores

extend outward from the centrosomes to the cell mem and help position the spindle

• Kinetochore microtubules: Attach to the chromosomes at their kinetochores (a protein structure on the centromere).

• Polar microtubules: Extend from each spindle pole and overlap at the center of the cell to push the poles apart.

• Astral microtubules: Extend outward from the centrosomes to the cell membrane and help position the spindle.

mito or mei: myosin motor teins and actin filaments form at cyto shape of plas mem

mito. SEEN W A

which phase has duped the centrosome

syn

when does complete alignment happen

pachytene

mei 1 produces diploid cells t or f

f

meiosis 2 starts with the same set of cells as the mom cell t or f

f

. When a karyotype is prepared, which of the following steps is

carried out?

a. Treat the cells with a chemical that causes them to begin

cell division.

b. Treat the cells with a hypotonic solution that causes them to

swell.

c. Expose the cells to chemical dyes that bind to the chromosomes and stain them.

d. All of the above steps are carried out

d

How many sets of chromosomes are found in a human somatic cell, and how many chromosomes are within one set?

a. 2 sets, with 23 in each set

b. 23 sets, with 2 in each set

c. 1 set, with 23 in each set

d. 23 sets, with 1 in each set

a

Binary fission

a. is a form of asexual reproduction.

b. is a way for bacteria to reproduce

c. beings with mum cell and makes 2 identical daughter cells

d. all above

d

Which of the following is the correct order of phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle?

a. G1, G2, S, M

b. G1, S, G2, M

c. G1, G2, M, S

d. G1, S, M, G2

b

What critical event occurs during the S phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle?

a. The cell either prepares to divide or commits to not dividing.

b. DNA replication produces pairs of sister chromatids.

c. The chromosomes condense.

d. The single nucleus is divided into two nuclei.

B.

a- not a becuase its referring to gap 1

which phase of mito shows finally all the chroms condensed where it could even be seen with light microscopy

metaphse

anaphase

prophase

prometaphse

none of these

prophase

which mito phase shows the nucleus starting to become small vesicles and which one is when its completely all small vesicles

prophase- starting

prometaphse- all vessies

at this phase the chroms get to relax and decondense

anaphase

telphase

metphase

prophase

telophase

1. What is the function of the kinetochore during mitosis?

a. It promotes the attachment of monads to each other to form a dyad.

b. It is a location where a kinetochore microtubule can attach to a chromosome.

c. It promotes the condensation of chromosomes during prophase.

d. Both a and b are correct

d

when does crossover happen and what is end result

a- prophase of mei 1/shows pieces of chrom exchanged tween homo chroms

b- prometaphase of mei 1/ shows pieces of chrom exchanged tween homo chroms

c- prophase of mei 1 and shows sis sepping

d- none of these

a

mei 1 or mei 2 or mito

pairing of homo chroms happens

mei 1. this is cuz mom and dad are the homo chroms pairing

Prokaryotes divide through a process called binary fission. Because binary fission is a simpler process than mitosis, DNA replication does not occur. 

t or f

f

what phase is going on

anaphase

prophase

g2

g1

g1

What chromosomal regions are mainly composed of heterochromatin?

The centromeres and telomeres

Which of the following proteins is not part of the core histone proteins (the octamer)?

H2B

H2A

H3

H4

H1

H1

The function of the kinetochore microtubules during cell division is to determine the positioning of the spindle apparatus.

t or f

false. ASTRAL DOES THIS

can be either mei 2 or mito. they both will look the same at the end of the day