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Skeletal system
Made of skeletal bones, cartilage, ligaments, and connective tissue.
Functions of the skeletal system
Support, protection, mineral storage, hematopoiesis, energy storage, energy metabolism, movement.
Compact bone
Dense bone forming the walls of bones; osteons are arranged parallel to the axis.
Spongy bone
Cancellous bone with an open network of branching plates known as trabeculae.
Types of bone
Flat, sutural, long, short, sesamoid, irregular.
Bone markings
Features include depressions, openings, and elevations/projections.
Osteon
The basic functional unit of bone.
Bone matrix
1/3 collagen fibers and 2/3 crystals of calcium salts (hydroxyapatite).
Osteogenic cells
Mesenchymal stem cells that divide to produce osteoblasts.
Osteoblasts
Immature bone cells that produce new bone matrix and secrete osteoid.
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix.
Osteoclasts
Multinucleated cells that dissolve bone matrix, derived from immune cells.
Periosteum
Connective tissue covering of bones with fibrous and cellular layers.
Medullary cavity
The inner cavity of a long bone that contains yellow bone marrow.
Epiphysis
The proximal and distal ends of long bones covered by articular cartilage.
Diaphysis
The shaft of a long bone composed of thick compact bone.
Metaphysis
Narrow zone between the epiphysis and diaphysis.
Nutrient foramen
Opening that allows entry for nutrient and lymphatic vessels, sensory nerve fibers.
Endochondral ossification
Bone development from a hyaline cartilage model during embryonic development.
Intramembranous ossification
Bone development from embryonic connective tissue known as mesenchyme.
Ossification
Replacement of cartilage or mesenchyme with bone.
Calcium salts
2/3 of the bone matrix known as hydroxyapatite.
Osteomalacia
Insufficient mineralization of bones in adults, also known as Rickets in children.
Osteopenia
Normal decline in bone mass and density with age.
Osteoporosis
Extreme reduction in bone mass making fractures more prone.
Physical activity
Causes bones to change and become thicker/stronger.
Bone remodeling
Process where old bone tissue is replaced with new bone tissue.
Fracture hematoma formation
The first phase of fracture healing where a blood clot forms.
Soft callus formation
The second phase of fracture healing where cartilage forms.
Bony callus formation
The third phase of fracture healing where new bone begins to form.
Bone remodeling phase
Final phase of fracture healing where the new bone is reshaped.
Appositional growth
Increase in bone diameter due to the addition of new bone matrix.
Canaliculi
Small channels in bone tissue that connect osteocytes.
Trabeculae
The branching plates of spongy bone.
Articular cartilage
Hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones at joints.
Lymphatic vessels
Vessels that transport lymph, draining from tissues.
Sensory nerve fibers
Nerves providing sensation to bones.
Perforating fibers
Collagen fibers that anchor the periosteum to the underlying bone.
Central canal
The canal that runs through the center of an osteon, containing blood vessels and nerves.
Concentric lamellae
Concentric rings of bone matrix that surround the central canal.
Circumferential lamellae
Outer layers of bone matrix that surround the entire bone.
Osteocytes in lacunae
Mature bone cells located in the small cavities of the bone matrix.
Long bone structure
Consists of epiphysis, diaphysis, and metaphysis.
Bone vascularization
Blood supply to bones, essential for nutrition and healing.
Bone repair process
Involves realignment (reduction) of bone ends and healing phases.
Greenstick fractures
Incomplete fractures common in children where the bone bends but does not break completely.
Transverse fractures
Fractures that occur straight across the bone.
Oblique fractures
Fractures that occur at an angle across the bone.
Spiral fractures
Fractures caused by twisting forces.
Compression fractures
Fractures that occur when the bone is crushed.
Comminuted fractures
Fractures where the bone is shattered into many pieces.
Displaced fractures
Fractures where the bone ends are not aligned.
Non-displaced fractures
Fractures where the bone ends remain aligned.
Haversian system
Another name for the osteon, the functional unit of compact bone.
Hemopoiesis
The process of blood formation occurring in red bone marrow.
Secretion of osteocalcin
A role of bone tissue in regulating metabolism.
Adipose tissue in yellow bone marrow
Tissue primarily for energy storage within the medullary cavity.
Ligaments
Tissues that connect bones to other bones.
Hemoglobin
Oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells, produced in bone.
Rickets
Condition in children caused by vitamin D deficiency leading to softened bone.
Skeletal muscle levers
Bones act as levers for movement facilitated by skeletal muscles.
Osteoclast function
Cells that dissolve bone matrix during resorption.
Shock absorption
A function of spongy bone due to its structure.
Bone density
The measure of the amount of mineral matter in bone tissue.
Growth plate
Area where longitudinal bone growth occurs; also known as the epiphyseal plate.
Sex hormone levels and bone
Influence bone density and health throughout life.
Vitamin D in bones
Necessary for calcium absorption and bone health.
Bone structure conservation
Bones remodel and adapt according to the stresses placed upon them.
Mesenchymal stem cells
Stem cells that can differentiate into various cell types, including osteoblasts.
Dissolve bone matrix
The process of bone resorption carried out by osteoclasts.
Osteoprogenitor cells
Another name for osteogenic cells, which give rise to osteoblasts.
Bone fractures
Breaks in the continuity of the bone structure due to extreme stress.
Mature vs immature bone cells
Osteocytes are mature; osteoblasts are immature bone cells.
Calcium and phosphate ions
Minerals stored in bones that are important for various bodily functions.
Energy metabolism in bone
Bones play a role in the overall metabolism of the body.
Hematopoiesis in red bone marrow
The process of producing blood cells within the cavities of certain bones.
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