Cedarville University - Gen. Psych. - DeWitt - Exam 6

Personality

A person's characteristic pattern of thinking, feelings, and acting

Psychodynamic Theory

Views personality as an interaction between conscious and unconscious mind, stressing the importance of motives and conflict

Id, ego, superego

Freud's idea of the mind's structure includes the __________, __________, and __________.

Defense Mechanisms

Protective method of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Unconscious, protects from painful emotions, self-deceptive, used by everyone

What are the characteristics of defense mechanisms?

Repression

Banishment of anxiety-provoking thoughts, feelings, and memoires

Projection

Attributing one's own impulses to someone else

Isolation

Unacceptable emotions are set apart from conscious awareness

Rationalization

Justifying unacceptable behaviors

Displacement

Shifting an emotion to a more acceptabel object or perso

Regression

Returning to an earlier stage of maturity

Undoing

Carrying on as if no mistake occurred

Compensation

Attempt to make up for deficiencies

Denial

Ignoring the existence of a painful reality

Identification

Modeling values and beliefs of another to the extreme

Aware of, do away with

As one grows toward Christ-like maturity, Christians should strive to become ___________ __________ and gradually __________ _________ __________ defense mechanisms.

Projective Test

A personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli to assesses unconscious conflicts and inner feelings (this test lacks validity & reliability)

Thematic Apperception Test

a projective test that involves storytelling based on ambiguous images, revealing underlying thoughts and motivations.

Rorschach Ink Blot Test

A projective test in which people explain what they see in a series of symmetrical ink blots

Humanistic Theory

Views personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

Abraham Maslow

Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization"

Psychological Disorder

A syndrome marked a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior - which are dysfunctional or maladaptive, interfering with day-to-day life

DSM-V

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fifth Edition is a widely used tool to classify and diagnose psychological disorders

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

Stimulants and CBT therapy

What is a treatment of ADHD?

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Continuous state of tension, worry, and apprehension; autonomic nervous system aroused

Panic Disorder

Unpredictable episodes of intense dread and terror - experiencing chest pain, shortness of breath, anxiety, and/or choking. Often followed by worry over having another attack

Social Anxiety Disorder

Persistent avoidance of social situations due to an intense fear of being negatively evaluated by others, leading them to be embarrassed.

Phobias

Persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation that poses little or no danger

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Unwanted repetitive thoughts, actions, or both

Increase, decrease

Obsessive thoughts __________ anxiety, while compulsions __________ anxiety.

Excessive cleaning, arranging, checking, and counting

What are some common compulsions?

Germs, forbidden and aggressive thoughts, symmetry

What are some common obsessions?

Carl Rogers

Developed "client-centered" therapy

Genuineness, acceptance, empathy

What are the three conditions of client-centered therapy?

Trait Theory

Personality is defined in terms of stable and enduring behavior patterns

Gordan Allport

The father of the trait perspective of personality

Trait

A characteristic pattern of behavior or disposition to feel and act, as assessed by others or self-report inventories

Hidden

Our personality traits usually remain __________ when we are in unfamiliar, formal situations

Personality Inventories

Longer questionnaires covering a wide range of feelings and behaviors (high reliability & validity)

Conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion

What are the Big Five Factors?

Social-Cognitive Theory

Views personality and behavior as influenced by the interaction of traits and social context

Albert Bandura

Viewed the person-environment interaction as reciprocal determinism

Behavior, internal, environment

Reciprocal determinism is the interacting influences of __________, __________ personal factors, and __________.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Recurring haunting flashbacks, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and insomnia that lingers 4 weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Major Depression Disorder

The presence of at least 5 symptoms over a 2 week period.

Depression, anhedonia, changes in appetite and sleep, physical agitation, listlessness and lack of energy, worthless feeling, problems thinking, and thinking repetitively of death and suicide

What are the symptoms of depression?

Bipolar Disorder

A person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and over excited state of mania

Mania

A hyperactive, widely optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common

Rumination

Compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes

Learned Helplessness

When an individual continuously faces a negative, uncontrollable situation and stops trying to change their circumstances, even when they have the ability to do so

Schizophrenia

Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and inappropriate emotional expression

The presence of inappropriate thoughts or behavior

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

The absence of appropriate behaviors

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Avolition

Lack of initiation and persistent; apathy

Alogia

Relative absence of speech

Anhedonia

Lack of pleasure

Affective flattening

Little expressed emotion

Psychotherapy

Treatment involving psychological techniques; consisting of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

Eclectic Approach

Using a variety of techniques from several forms of therapy to to treat clients

Biomedical Therapy

The treatment of severe psychological disorders with prescribed medicines or medical procedures that directly affect the nervous system

Antipsychotics, antianxiety, antidepressants, and mood stabilizers

What are the types of medication that can be given for biomedical therapy?

Electrocompulsive Therapy (ECT), Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), and psychosurgery

What are the types of procedures that can be done for biomedical therapy?

Unconditional Positive Regard

Therapist attempts to accept and understand the client, giving non-judgmental grace, making the client feel valued and whole

Humanistic Perspective

Emphasizes boosting people's self-fulfillment by trying to help them grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance

Behavior Therapy

Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

Systematic Desensitization

A type of exposure therapy/counterconditioning, often used to treat phobias, that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-provoking stimuli

Behavior Modification

Using positive reinforcers to reward closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior

Token Economy

An operant condition procedure in which people earn a token or reward of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange their tokens for various privileges

Cognitive Therapy

Aaron Beck; teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Beck's Cognitive Therapy for Depression

Changing people's thinking can change their functioning

Reverse, negativity, negative, positive

Beck sought to __________ clients' __________ about themselves, their situations, and their future by replacing __________ thoughts with more __________ comments

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Albert Ellis; the most efficacious and widely used therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy

Group Therapy

Therapy conducted with groups of people rather than individuals, allowing therapeutic benefits from group interaction by enabling people to see that other have similar problems to their own

Saves time and money, develops social skills, enables people to see they are not alone, and provide feedback as they try new skills

What are the four benefits to group therapy?

Biochemical Therapy

Physically changing the brains functioning by altering its chemistry with drugs

Psychopharmacology

The study of the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior