Exam 1 - psychology (ch 1-4)

(unit 1) What is introspection?

Thinking about yourself, your relationships with other people, and your behaviors.

(unit 1) Which psychological theory was inspired by Darwin and his ideas of evolution?

Functionalism

(unit 1) His research established that the brain will learn to associate stimuli that occur close together, even if those stimuli are unrelated.

Pavlov

(unit 1) What type of professional activity might a developmental psychologist do?

Assess a child for a learning disability.

(unit 1) Which of the following would be an example of how Gestalt psychologists explain human experiences?

Experiences happen as a whole. When someone enters a new space, they take it in all at once.

(unit 1) How does humanism explain when people perform negative behaviors such as stealing, lying, or cheating?

Humans have specific needs and if those needs are not met then they may do "bad things" in order to get their needs met.

(unit 1) Which of the following is an example of something that can be measured objectively?
- Love
- Hunger
- Temperature
- Fear

Temperature

(unit 1) When was the first book on psychology published in Europe?

1870s

(unit 1) The Little Albert experiment suggested that:

It is possible to intentionally cause someone to exhibit fearful behavior.

(unit 1) What was NOT one of the popular explanations for mental illness during the late 1800s and early 1900s?

Imbalance of chemicals in the brain

(unit 1) Which of the following is NOT true about psychoanalytic theory?

It is the most popular form of therapy today.

(unit 1) Which of the following is NOT an example of a hypothesis that a psychologist might test with research?

An IQ test is a tool that compares that factual knowledge of people in the same age group.

(unit 1) What is meta-cognition?

Thinking about thinking

(unit 1) Which of the psychological theories attempted to break the mind into parts in order to understand them?

Structuralism

(unit 1) Psychology went through several eras in its development as a science. The current era is referred to as:

The cognitive revolution.

(unit 1)A mouse learning to push a lever in order to get a reward (food) is an example of the type of research done by:

Skinner

(unit 1) What is one of the major differences between behaviorism and humanism?

Behaviorism is focused on behaviors. Humanism is more interested in explaining the deeper causes of those behaviors.

(unit 1) A hypothesis has to be ______________.

Testable

(unit 2) Which of the following is an example of naturalistic observation in psychological research?

A researcher sits in a coffee shop. They observe whether or not customers say "thank you" after they are handed their order.

(unit 2) A clinical study in psychology would most likely involve which of the following for the participant?

Trying a new antidepressant medication to determine if it is effective and the extent of the side effects.

(unit 2) A psychological researcher has studied the Louis family for the past five years. The family is interesting to the researcher because they have four children who were adopted internationally. The researcher is interested in uncovering the effects of international adoption on children, parents, and families as a whole.

This is a case study.

(unit 2) If a psychologist wanted to determine whether playing video games made people more likely to commit violence, how might they ethically test this hypothesis?

Conduct surveys of large groups of people to determine their levels of aggression and violent behavior. Ask them to report on how often they play video games and the specific games they play. Compare the levels of aggression and violent behavior between the groups who play violent video games and those who do not.

(unit 2) True or False? Psychologists doing a study should only record data that supports their hypothesis.

False

(unit 2) Doing which of the following in a psychological study would violate ethical rules?
A. Lying to participants.
B. Failing to provide participants with an informed consent document prior to the study.
C. Starting research on human subjects without first clearing it with the Institutional Review Board.
D. A, B, and C
E. B and C

E. B and C

(unit 2) What does it mean in psychology when something has a correlation with something else?

It means that the two things often go together. For example, people who smoke cigarettes are likely to also drink alcohol.

(unit 2) Which of the following would be an example of longitudinal research?

A researcher follows students from kindergarten until high school graduation to determine whether behaviors that appeared in kindergarten persisted through graduation.

(unit 2) Which of the following is NOT true about naturalistic observation?

It is the most reliable way to collect data.

(unit 2) Researchers recruited 100 adults (ages 18-65) who worked at a college. The researchers asked all of the participants to fill out a screening regarding their current anxiety levels. Then, the researchers provided everyone with a cup of coffee. Half of the coffees had caffeine and the other half did not. Neither the researchers, nor the participants knew which coffee cups had caffeine. After drinking their cup of coffee, the participants were asked to perform a difficult puzzle. Following the puzzle, they were asked to once again complete a screening regarding their anxiety levels. The researchers then were able to compare the anxiety levels of the participants who had caffeine with the participants who did not have caffeine. They found that those who had caffeine were slightly more likely to have increased anxiety levels than those who did not have caffeine.

(unit 2) Researchers recruited 100 adults (ages 18-65) who worked at a college. The researchers asked all of the participants to fill out a screening regarding their current anxiety levels. Then, the researchers provided everyone with a cup of coffee. Half of the coffees had caffeine and the other half did not. Neither the researchers, nor the participants knew which coffee cups had caffeine. After drinking their cup of coffee, the participants were asked to perform a difficult puzzle. Following the puzzle, they were asked to once again complete a screening regarding their anxiety levels. The researchers then were able to compare the anxiety levels of the participants who had caffeine with the participants who did not have caffeine. They found that those who had caffeine were slightly more likely to have increased anxiety levels than those who did not have caffeine.

(unit 2) Which of the following is true about this study? (coffee study)
- It was single-blind.
- It was double-blind.
- It had no placebo.
- It had caffeine as the placebo

It was double-blind.

(unit 2) Which group in the study was the experimental group? (coffee study)

The group that had caffeine in their coffee.

(unit 2) For this research study, what was the sample? (coffee study)

The 100 people who participated

(unit 2) What was the independent variable in this study? (coffee study)

Caffeine

(unit 2) What is the researchers' hypothesis? (coffee study)

Caffeine increases anxiety levels.

(unit 2) What is the dependent variable in this study? (coffee study)

Anxiety level

(unit 3) Which of the following is an example of how the body helps return itself to homeostasis?

Sweating during exercise in order to lower body temperature.

(unit 3) The peripheral nervous system connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. Which part of the peripheral nervous system would alert the brain that your hand is touching a freezing cold ice cube?

Somatic nervous system

(unit 3) We now have the technology to see inside of the brain in a variety of ways. Which of the following is NOT a tool scientists can use to see inside of the brain?

EKG

(unit 3) The likelihood that a person will develop schizophrenia depends on whether they inherited particular genes and whether they were raised in a healthy environment. This interaction between genes and environment is known as:

Epigenetics

(unit 3) The idea of neuroplasticity suggests that:

the brain may be able to repair itself after suffering being damaged.

(unit 3) When your body needs to send messages from one nerve cell to the next, it uses:

Neurotransmitters

(unit 3) Intelligence is an example of an inherited characteristic with a range of reaction. This means:

A person's environment can influence the degree to which they express the characteristic.

(unit 3) The brain is divided into lobes, or parts, that correspond to different functions. If the temporal lobe was damaged, what effect might that have on a person?

They may lose their ability to hear.

(unit 3) A person's genes come from their biological parents. Sometimes, there is an unexpected change in a gene that permanently alters how it is expressed. This is called a:

Mutation

(unit 3) Where are hormones like testosterone and estrogen produced?

Glands

(unit 3) Although the first sign that we are hungry often comes from a grumbling stomach, our appetite is actually regulated in this part of our brain:

Hypothalamus

(unit 3) Which of the following is NOT an option for a neurotransmitter that has delivered its message?

Reproduction

(unit 3) The central nervous system includes the brain and the spinal cord. If someone damages part of their spinal cord what might happen?

The brain may no longer be able to send and receive messages to the part of the body below that location on the spinal cord.

(unit 3) If a child appears to not be growing as they should, their doctor might test their ___________________ gland to see if it is functioning correctly.

Pituitary

(unit 3) The nervous system deals with nerves and neurotransmitters. The endocrine systems deals with:

Glands and hormones.

(unit 4) Some sleep disorders are simply annoying, while others can be deadly. Which of the following disorders can be fatal? Choose all that apply.

- Sleep apnea
- SIDS

(unit 4) What can happen when one combines different types of drugs like opioids and depressants?

The drugs can have a synergistic effect which makes the total effect of the drugs more powerful than the sum of each of the individual drugs.

(unit 4) When someone who is addicted to alcohol gets "the shakes," headaches, and nausea at times when they are not drinking, this is called:

Physical dependence

(unit 4) Which are the benefits of sleep?

- Lower stress levels
- Increases retention of new information

(unit 4) Which of the following is an accurate description of sleep?

There are a variety of stages of sleep and each stage has a specific purpose and unique characteristics. A person cycles through these stages several times during the night.

(unit 4) Many psychologists have spent time studying dreams, both their meaning and purpose. What is the conclusion psychologists have come to at this point?

We do not know for sure why we dream or what our dreams mean.

(unit 4) Which of the following is an example of an acute disruption in sleep?

Jet lag

(unit 4) Opioids like heroin, fentanyl, and oxy work by:

blocking pain receptors and increasing the amount of dopamine in the brain.

(unit 4) True or False: There is no such thing as a "morning person" or a "night owl."

False

(unit 4) Lack of sleep can cause a variety of negative effects. Which of the following are possible negative effects of lack of sleep? Choose all that apply.

- Decrease in alertness
- Increase in stress hormones
- Increase in blood pressure

(unit 4) Which of the following is a hormone that helps regulate sleep?

Melatonin

(unit 4) How is meditation different than sleep?

Meditation and sleep are on the same continuum, however, sleep typically involves far less awareness of internal and external stimuli.

(unit 4) Why are opioid overdoses so often deadly?

Opioids cause a decrease in respiration (breathing).

(unit 4) Which of the following are likely to encourage better quality sleep? Select all that apply.

- A darker room
- A cooler room
- Relaxing prior to going to bed

(unit 4) Which of the following is an example of external stimuli that might disrupt someone's sleep?

Sirens blaring in the distance