HBSE Final Exam

Two major aspects of Erik Erikson’s orientation that differ from Freud are:

An emphasis on adult development and creative ego functioning

According to Erikson, the infant is completely dependent on caretakers. For this reason, the primary theme of development involves issues of:

Trust/mistrust

Erikson’s developmental theme of integrity versus despair is most pronounced during:

Late adulthood

Erikson’s overall theme of psychosocial development follows which sequence of self/other relationship formation?

Attachment-autonomy-intimacy

Erikson emphasized the role of the ego as:

A healthy, adaptive aspect of the psyche

According to Erikson, the individual forges a lasting ego identity during:

Adolescence

Theories and research on adult development have focused on:

All of the above

Research on women’s development has shown that:

Only A and B

According to Brené Brown, which one of the following is NOT an element of shame resilience:

Increasing self-esteem

Most theories on the family life cycle has been tied to:

All of the above

Deficiencies in which of the following neurotransmitters are believed to play a role in depression:

Serotonin and noradrenaline

According to Erikson, the ego is critical in establishing and preserving one’s identity.

True

According to Erikson, having children is sufficient to successfully complete the stage of generativity vs. stagnation

False

Daniel Levinson’s research on male development found that for some men the transition to midlife may entail a crisis in the workplace or in personal relationships.

True

In Carl Jung’s theory of ego evolution, ego transcendence occurs in midlife

True

There has been a great deal of empirical support for theories of different developmental paths for women.

true

According to Brené Brown, there are certain shame triggers that impact all women

False

Because children’s sexual behaviors are spontaneous, they are rarely influenced by their family or culture.

False

Life span theories that address spirituality generally focus on the emergence of spiritual themes in young adulthood.

False

The commonly held view of aging as a period of inevitable catastrophic decline has been based on

pathological, rather than normal aging.

True

According to Lev, sexual orientation is more strongly related to an internal sense of self rather than an external desire for another person.

True

Spirituality can be an important aspect of successful aging and dedication to spiritual development may contribute to transcendence.

True

To achieve balance in late life, elders must have fulfilling relationships and energizing projects to

compensate for social and physical losses.

True

Piaget’s stage theory of cognitive development assumes that:

People always seek to maintain existing schemes

Piaget’s term for changing a schema in response to solving a new cognitive problem is:

Accommodation

According to Piaget, when an adult is able to develop the ability to engage in sophisticated, abstract, rational thought this is called:

Formal operational thought

Information processing theory has given us important insights into:

Memory of young children and adults

Contemporary memory research has shown that:

All of the above

The development of formal operational thought allows the emergence of the following type of moral

reasoning, according to Kohlberg:

Post-conventional

Carol Gilligan’s study of women’s moral development suggested that:

Women’s highest stage of development emphasizes a balance

Fowler suggested that the highest stage of faith development involves:

Achieving a sense of cosmic or universal sacredness involving respect for all religious beliefs

Assimilation, as an aspect of cognitive development, is characterized by fundamentally changing or innovating schemas.

False

Reuven Feuerstein’s work has shown that cognitive structures can be modified so that people can become autonomous and independent thinkers.

True

In contrast to the idea that brains work like computers, research has shown that memory is a constructive and reconstructive process and we constantly transform and recreate our memories.

True

Contemporary research on the brain has shown that environmental and social interaction have little effect on the brain.

False

Contemporary theories of intelligence have failed to greatly expand our understanding of human mental processes, cognition and intelligence.

False

The theory of Multiple Intelligences is attributed to Robert Sternberg.

False

Moral intelligence is generally viewed as an important aspect of socialization.

True

Ecological intelligence incorporates ecological knowledge, empathy, and action with social and emotional intelligence

True

According to symbolic interaction theory:

All of the above

According to Mead’s theory, the self can best be described as:

A process

Mead’s stages of development include all of the following:

Dressing out stage

Mead’s “I’ is roughly equivalent to Freud’s:

Id and ego

In symbolic interactionism, the term “generalized other” refers to:

The norms of society

In Mead’s theory, the “me” can best be described as the:

Socialized aspect of self

In Mead’s theory, the process of subjective self -reflection on the self and the world is termed the:

Mind

Specific people who are invested with a strong sense of importance and influence over the development of one’s self-concept are termed

Significant others

Herbert Blumer extended Mead’s work by pointing to the importance of:

Both a and b

Symbolic interactionism would assert the following position about psychopathology:

All of the above

Some of the contemporary issues confronting American families are:

All of the above

The “looking glass self” refers to the process of self-conception in which we partly take the opinion of others into account.

True

Primary groups are characterized by intimate associations that are fundamental in forming the social nature of the ideals of individuals

True

Secondary groups are so removed and impersonal that they have little, if any, impact on socialization

False

The Twenty Statements Test (TST) is a good measure of psychopathology:

False

One of the primary concerns of Goffman’s dramaturgical approach is impression management

True

Socialization stops between adolescence and early adulthood.

False

Symbolic interaction has been criticized for ignoring structural conditions and economic forces that produce inequality.

True

One of the central ideas in phenomenology is that:

Seemingly objective entities are subjectively created

According to Alfred Schutz’s phenomenology:

None of the above

According to Alfred Schutz, a second order process is:

The process social scientists use to understand first order processes

The term the “life-world” refers to:

The taken-for-granted reality of everyday lived experiences

A methodological technique used in ethnomethodology is:

Conversation analysis

Postmodern theorists believe in:

The loss of certainty of universal truths

According to Berger and Luckmann:

All of the above

In Michel Foucault’s view of the human sciences, he proposed that:

The growth of the human sciences had led to a domination in which professionals oppress the mentally ill

Which of the following is not characteristic of hermeneutic thought:

The self is an object, similar to that in object relations theory

As a metatheory, critical realists propose

That reality is not fundamentally socially constructed, and there are also independent structures that exist outside of discourse

Constructionists would consider a social problem like child abuse

As historically and linguistically contingent, and understood and defined by a particular culture at a certain point in time

The hermeneutic circle refers to

An ongoing process on meaning making and new horizons of understanding by questioning prior knowledge

Phenomenological thought is based on the methods used in mainstream social science

False

According to Alfred Schutz, “we-relations” refers to highly intimate face-to face relations

True

Ethnomethodology refers to the analysis of everyday commonplace activities in social settings.

True

The self in phenomenological thought is portrayed because of internal forces such as ego strivings and genetically transmitted personality traits.

False

The term “situated accomplishment” refers to the fact that we assemble our “selves” for specific situations in everyday life.

True

Postmodern theorists are strong proponents of objective, value-free science and theory.

False

In classical behavioral conditioning:

A neutral stimulus is paired with a naturally eliciting stimulus/response pattern

In operant conditioning:

Contingent consequences are applied to responses

An operant approach to treating a phobic disorder might include:

Teaching the person to relax in the presence of the phobic stimulus

In both positive and negative reinforcement:

A target behavior is reinforced to increase it

The following type of reinforcement, in general, is likely to have the longest lasting effect:

Intermittent

A major difference between Bandura’s social learning theory and Skinner’s behaviorism is that Bandura emphasizes:

Cognitive activity

Bandura sees limitations in classical and respondent conditioning because they don’t emphasize:

Cognitive throughput

A social worker using a behavioral approach to practice would most likely use:

Clearly defined treatment goals with measurable interventions and outcomes

If a child learns racist attitudes from the example of parental behavior, this would be termed:

Observational learning

Social exchange theory stresses:

All of the above

A basic thesis in exchange theory is that:

Uneven exchange leads to power of one party over another

Skinner developed a complex stage theory of development in which the environment is a primary factor.

False

Strict behaviorism emphasizes cognitive determinism.

False

Spontaneous recovery refers to the “spilling over” of a conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus.

False

Reciprocal determinism is a key concept in Skinner’s theory.

False

Network theory and rational choice theory have limited utility for social work because they can only be used at the micro level.

False

A key concept in social capital theory is that social relationships are a resource that can be used for

beneficial exchange

True

“Practice wisdom” includes the following quality:

Careful awareness of self and rapport with client, leading to spontaneous insight for helping

According to the authors, the optimal approach to use of theory in social work practice is the following:

Use careful reflection on the strengths and limitations of a given theory as well as relevance to a particular practice situation

Indigenous medicine wheel teachings share similar themes of holistic thinking with:

Asian mandalas and dynamic systems theory

Ontology refers to:

The way people form ideas about the nature of reality and the purpose of human beings’ existence

According to evaluation by the textbook authors, the school of theory with lowest emphasis on key social work values is:

Psychodynamic

According to evaluation by the textbook authors, the following school of theory highly emphasizes micro systems relevance, strengths perspective, constructivist philosophy, and qualitative research approaches:

Transpersonal

According to the summary of “12 Great Ideas” in chapter 14, the insight that taken-for-granted understandings of self and society can be deconstructed and reconstructed is associated with the following theory:

Social constructionism

The social model of disability emphasizes that:

Oppression of people with disabilities is socially constructed and can be changed