int d 120 wks 1-7

microbiology

study of organisms under a microscope

four main types of microorganisms

bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites

microbiome

community of organisms in a habitat

do we have more human cells or bacterial cells in our body

bacterial

virulence

ability to cause damage to host

pathogenesis

the manner by which a disease develops

are bacteria uni or multicellular

unicellular

thermophiles

bacteria in thermal waters

halophiles

bacteria that adapted to extremely salty sites

photoautotrophs

bacteria without organic material for life (uses light)

chemoautotrophs

bacteria without light

anaerobes

bacteria without oxygen

whats the smallest organisms

viruses (prions too)

biggest organisms

parasites

microbiome in __ is most genetically diverse

gut

are viruses alive

debatable

description of viruses

infectious microbe of packages dna or rna in an capsid

are bacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes

prokaryotes

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

prokaryotes - no membranes inside, no true nucleus

eukaryotes - more complex, has nucleus

are fungi euk or pro, and are they uni or multicellular?

euk, both

are parasites euk or pro, and are they uni or multicellular

euk, both

3 main steps for virus to “do its thing”

infection, replication, transmission of new virus particles to other cells

9 steps in viral cycle

1) Binding

2) Fusion

3) Reverse transcription (if rna)

4) Integration

5) Transcription

6) Translation

7) Assembly

8) Budding

9) Release

immunopathology

disease caused by an immune response

which ones form spores

fungi

do fungi reproduce sexually or asexually

both

heterotrophic

cant produce its own food

how do you get parasites

exogenous source

prion

proteins misfolded

do prions have nucleic acid

no

primary structure of prions

polypeptide chain

secondary structure of prions

a-helix or b-pleated sheet

innate immunity 

what we have, skin, mucosal barriers, physicals and chemical barriers 1st line of defence

structure of a mucosal barrier

lumen, outer mucus layer with bacteria, inner mucus layer with antimicrobial proteins, epithelial cells

innate immune cells

macrophage, dendritic cell, killer cells, eosinophil, neutrophil, monocyte

adaptive immunity

immune response (review process)

whats the only prokaryotes

bacteria

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

pro: very small, no nuclear membrane, no organelles,simple slagella, complex cell walls, no sterols and carbohydrates in plasma membrane, asexual reproduction

euk: small, true nucleus, simple celll walls, complex flagella, plasma membrane w sterols and carbs, mitosis, and sexual reproduction

naming bacteria process

genus and species, genus capitalized and in italics

bacterial structure

membrane, chromosomal dna, plasmid w extrachromosomal dna, capsule, flagella, fimbrae

where is energy produces in bacteria

plasma membrane

nucleiod

area w dna

plasmids

holds extracellular dna

is there ribosomes in bacterial cytoplasm

yes

whats the point of plasmids

selective advantage

whats a capsule

extra covering in some bacteria 

why are capsules important

survival, theyre poorly antigenic, antiphagocytic, promotes adherence to other bacteria

flagellae

allows bacteria to swim

fimbrae function

promotes adherence

are cell walls in all bacteria

no

cell walls and bacteria

have peptidoglycan layers that function as a signature to start immune response

gram positive stains…

purple

gram negative stains

pink

gram positive bacterial wall structure

have alot of peptidoglycan with teichoic and lipoteichoic acid, periplastic space, plasma membrane

gram negative bacterial wall structure

outer membrane , lipopolysahride, think peptidoglycan layer, inner membrane, 

mycobacteria

not gram pos or neg, called staining acid-fast

morphology

shape of bacteria

coccus

round

bacillis

oval

spirillum

zig zag

vibrio

comma looking

simple stain

see if bacteria is present

differential stain

gram stain , and acid fast

what differentiates a gram pos and neg stain

large peptidoglycan? gram plus

staphylococcus, streptococcus, emterococcus. what type of stain

gram pos

neisseria, acinetobacter, haemophilis, pseudomonas what type of stain

gram neg

serotyping

using antibodies to detect characteristic antigens on bacteria

why is serotyping useful

good for organisms that are difficult to detect, too dangerous to grow, need rapid identification

how doesbacteria reproduce

asexually, binary fission

are spores gram pos or neg

some gram pos, NEVER gram neg

quorum

group of bacteria, physical barrier, turn on functions to support colony, one of the functions is the production fo a biofilm

biolfilm

sticky substance

3 pathogenic actions of bacteria

tissue destruction, endotoxins, exotoxins

whats issue destruction by bacteria

bacterial by-products that are toxic tissue

endotoxins

part of the membrane, a lipid, released when cell dies

ex of endotoxins

lipid a in lps

exotoxins

proteins produced inside pathogenic bacteria that are secreted

superantigens

even more toxic

meningitis target age

college students

is neisseria meningitidis gram pos or neg

gram neg

shape of neisseria meningitidis

dipolococcus

is neisseria meningitidis encapsulated

yes

is neisseria meningitidis aerobic

yes

when is neisseria meningitidis dangerous

when it enters blood stream

how is neisseria meningitidis transmitted

aresol droplets and direct contact

pathogenesis of neisseria meningitidis

1) attaches to pharyngeal mucosal cells via pili

2) replicates and establishes a carrier state 

3) rapid doubling of bacteria and release of endotoxins in outer membrane vesicles

what levels in neisseria meningitidis corespond with the severity of the disease

endotoxins

whats is meninigitis classified as

inflammation of brain and spinal cord

haemophilus influenzae type b

hib bacterial infection, causes meningitis, 5% die, resp droplets

shape of hib bacteria

coccobacillus

is hib gram pos or neg

gram neg

does hib have a polysaccride capsule

yes

do hib use exo or endotoxins

endotoxins

whats type of disease are… measles, polio, herpes, ebola, covid, chickenpox, hpv

virus

define virus

infectious microbe, a package of dna/rna in a capsid made of a protein shell

is a virus a cell 

no

two phases of virus’

virion (infections particle) and infected cell

in the viral structure what do all viruses have and what do some viruses have

all viruses have dna/rna, and a capsid (protein shell) some viruses have envelope, enzymes

whats an envelope

host cell derived lipid bilayer with glycoproteins