Dynasties and rulers (750–1500) (IB)

Dynastic Power

Power based on various sources of legitimacy and maintained through strategies like military strength, bureaucracy, legal systems, and economic policies.

Sources of Legitimacy

Different means through which a ruler's authority is justified.

Divine Right

The belief that monarchs are chosen by God to rule; opposing them is seen as opposing divine will.

Mandate of Heaven

A Chinese concept where a ruler's legitimacy depends on just governance; corruption justifies rebellion.

Hereditary Claims

Power passed through dynastic succession within ruling families.

Military Strength

Control over military forces that secures and maintains a ruler's power.

Bureaucracy

Efficient administration ensuring tax collection and law enforcement.

Legal Systems

Codified laws that establish stability and reinforce a ruler's authority.

Patronage

Distribution of wealth, land, and privileges to gain loyalty from nobles.

Propaganda

Use of art, literature, and architecture to glorify a ruler.

Centralized Power

Direct control of administration, military, and taxation by the ruler.

Decentralized Power

Authority shared with regional leaders, allowing local autonomy but weakening central government.

Territorial Expansion

Conquest of land for resources, military advantage, or prestige.

Economic Prosperity

Increased wealth through taxation, trade, and agricultural production.

Cultural Achievements

Patronage of arts and sciences to leave a lasting legacy.

Internal Rebellions

Civil wars that can weaken states.

Mongol Invasion (1258)

Led to the sack of Baghdad and the end of Abbasid political dominance.

Carolingian Renaissance

Cultural period marked by preservation of classical texts and advancements in education.

Song Dynasty (960–1279)

Chinese dynasty noted for bureaucratic reforms, economic prosperity, and technological innovations.

Gunpowder and Compass

Technological innovations during the Song Dynasty used for military applications and navigation.

Sundiata Keita

Founder of the Mali Empire known for unifying the Mandinka people.

Mansa Musa

Famous ruler of Mali known for his immense wealth and legendary pilgrimage to Mecca.

Trade Networks

Controlled key trade routes associated with the Mali Empire, particularly for gold and salt.

Cultural Flourishing in Timbuktu

Center of Islamic learning and culture during the Mali Empire.