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how much % of TBW is water
how much % of TBW is ICF
how much % of TBW is ECF
60%
40%
20%
measurement of volume of body fluid law
هو حقن سبغه ب رقم معين وبعد كدا استني شويه وشاف نسبه تركيزها كام وعرف من القانون دا ال volume
لااااااااااااااااااااااازم للللااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااازم
لما تحط واحده بال mg مثلا
التانيه تبقي زيها متبقاش بالجرام لازم ميلي جرام زي التانيه
عشان تطلع رقم مظبوط
5 characters of a dye
1. Not toxic.
2. Rapidly and evenly distributed throughout the nominat ed compartment
3. Not metabolized.
4. Not rapidly excreted.
5. Easily measured.
to measure TBW the substance we use is ?
D2O (deutrium oxide)
HT0
aminopyrine
to measure ECF the substance we use is ?
mannitol
inulin
sucrose
to measure plasma the substance we use is ?
radioiodinated serum albumin (RISA)
evan’s blue (dye that binds to serum albumin)
a dye that binds to serum albumin is ?
and what does it measure
evan’s blue
it measures plasma volume
the formula of ICF measurement
is it directly measured ?
if yes examples please
ICF = total body water - ECF
its not directly measured
the formula of ISF measurement
is it directly measured ?
if yes examples please
ISF = ECF - plasma volume
its not directly measured
the formula of RBCs volume measurement
can it be directly measured ?
if yes examples please
RBCs volume = blood volume - plasma volume
can be measured directly as
chromium (51Cr),iron(59Fe) and phosphorus (32P)
meaurement of blood volume law
هيماتوكريت دا تحليل باين
بصمج ياخويا زي ما هي ولا يهمكXD
osmolatory can be measured by 2 methods
1- calculation
2- depression of freezing point
calculation of osmolarity law
g (number of particles free) * C (molar concentration of the solute)
calculation of osmolarity according to depression of freezing point law
the constant in the measuring of osmolarity according to the depression of freezing point
0.00186
hypotonic solution effect on the cell and what are the components of it
cell swelling
pure water
isotonic solution effect on the cell and what are the components of it
no chanege in the cell volume
9 grams of salt in 1 liter of solution
hypertonic solution effect on the cell and what are the components of it
18 grams of salt in 1 liter of solution
the cell shrinks
any change in the cell volume due to change in the ECF osmolarity
can be calculated from the following equation ?
initial volume and osmolarity will equal the final volume andthe final osmolarity
equilibrium potential other name
nernst potential
nernst equation is
wtf are
E ion
Cin and Cout
Z
E ion =equilibrium potential
Cin and Cout = ion conc. inside and outside the membrane
Z is the valency of the ion
like NA and K there valency are +1
Ca valency is +2
Cl is -1 etc etc
the effect on osmolarity due to the presence of non diffusible ions
the osmolarity is higher on the side of non diffusible ions than the other side
donnan effect at the level of the cells in other words what does it tend to cause and why
donnan equilibrium tends to cause osmotic dysequilibrium due to the presence of nondiffusable protein anions inside the cell so it leads to osmosis of water inside the cell
whaat prevents the donnan effect
Na-K pump which maintains low intracellular Na concentration and keep the inside and outside in osmotic equilibrium
what does the inhibition of Na-K pump results in and by what and what happens next
inhibition of Na-K pump results in increase of Na concentration inside the cells so water flow inside
this happens by brain ischemia and results in neural swelling and damage
why donnan effect occurs in the capillaries
Donnan equilibrium occurs in the capillaries due to the presence of nondiffusable plasma protein inside the capillaries.
Na conc. at capillaries due to donnan effect
Na conc. is slightly more in the blood than in the interstitial fluid so increase in the osnolarity and osmotic pressure of plasma proteins from 22 to 28 mmhg in blood
Cl conc. at capillaries due to donnan effect
is relatively less in the blood than in the interstitial fluid
donnan effect significance at glomerular capillaries what does it cause
donnan equilibrium causes glomerular filtrate to contain less Na and more Cl relative to the plasma
what is the RMP and what is its number.
it is the potential difference between outside and inside the nerve fiber during rest
normally its about -70mV
what is graded potential
its a local change in the resting membrane potential of nerve fibers
2 examples of graded membrane potential
a)Receptor potential in receptor region b)Postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) in dendrites or cell body
action potential is ?
its the electrical changes that occur in resting membrane potential as a result of stimulation by an effective stimulus
what ion channel is this
ligand gataed ion channel
what ion channel is this
mechanicaly gated ion channel
what is this type of ion channel
always open ion channel
what is this ion channel
voltage-gated ion channel
leak ion channels properties
always open
k channel
important in resting membrane potential
chemical-gated ion channel properties
channel open with chemical substance bind to its receptor
K and Na channel at neuromuscular junction
important in graded membrane potential
voltage-gated ion channel
channel open by changes in cell membrane potential
Na and K channels
important in action potential
what is biofeedback
its a learning process where people exert conscious control over physiological function controlled by autonomic nervous system.
how to perform biofeedback and example for an area
electrical sensors are connected to special areas of the body like the skin that help you receive information (feedback) about the body
what power does biofeedback give you
it gives you the power to use your thoughts to control your body often to improve health condition or physical performance
what is this
and discuss it
its the brain wave biofeedback response
uses scalp sensors to monitor your brain waves using an electroencephalograph (EEG)
what is this
and discuss it
its the breathing biofeedback
bands are placed around your abdomen and chest to monitor your breathing patterns and respiration rate
what is this
and discuss it
heart rate biofeedback
it uses sensors placed on your chest or wrists use an electrocardiograph (ECG) to measure your heart rate and how your heart rate varies
what is this
and discuss it
muscle contraction biofeedback
sensors over your skeletal muscles with an electromyograph (EMG) to monitor the electrical activity that causes muscle contraction
what is this
and discuss it
sweat gland activity (EDA)
sensors attached around your fingers or on your palm or wrist with an electrodermograph (EDG)
measures the activity of your sweat glands, alerting you to anxiety
discuss temperature biofeedback
sensors attached to your fingers or feet measures blood flow and temperature of your skin
what biofeedback alert the person of anxiety
sweat gland activity (EDA)
biofeedback training or therapy is used to help manage many physical and mental health issues, including 4
1. Anxiety or stress.
2. Chronic pain.
3. Headache.
4. High blood pressure and others
2 examples of relaxation exercises are used in biofeedback therapy
1-deep breathing
2-mindfulness meditation
focusing your thoughts and letting go of your thoughts and letting go of nnegative emotions
blood flow (Q) law
flow (Q) = pressure gradient / resistance
Q = delta P / R
blood flow relation to pressure gradiant
blood flow is directly proportional to pressure gradiant
resistance means ? and its relation to blood flow
the difficulty faced by the blood during flow through blood vessels
its inversely related to blood flow
write the poiseuilli equation
ANS is divided into 2 systems
sympathetic (thoracolumbar) NS
parasympathetic (craniosacral) NS
sympathetic NS origin
thoracolumbar LHCs of
1-all thoracic segments
2-upper 3 lumbar segments of the spinal cord
parasympathetic NS origin
craniosacral
a) cranial part
1-oculomotor N in midbrain
2-facial N in pons
3-glossopharyngeal N in MO (medulla oblongata)
4-vagus nerve in MO
b) sacral part
s2,s3,s4 and forms pelvic nerve
what are autonomic ganglia and what are their functions
collection of cell bodies of neurons outside of the CNS
and their functions are that they act as a relay station for autonomic preganglionic nerve fibers.
lateral ganglia other name ?
place?
number?
how many rows?
relay station for ?
paravertebral ganglia
on sides of spinal cord
about 22-24 ganglia on each side
2 rows of sympathetic chain of ganglia
relay station for sympathetic nerve fibers only
terminal ganglia
location ?
relay station for ?
in the wall or very close to the wall of the organ
relay station of all parasympathetic nnerve fibers and some sympathetic nerve fibers
collateral ganglia other name ?
location ?
relay station for ?
in the abdomin midway between the spinal cord and viscera
relay station for sympathetic nerve fibers
def of action potential
its the electrical changes which occurs in the RMB as a result of stimulation of N.F by an effective stimulus
phases of action potential are 2
depolarization and repolarization
continuous conduction
site ?
speed ?
energy ?
mechanism ?
unmyelinated nerve fiber
0.5-2 m/sec
more energy consumption
mechanism occur step by step or sweeping
continuous conduction
saltatory conduction
site ?
speed ?
energy ?
mechanism ?
myelinated fibers
up to 120 m/sec
less energy consumption (1% of the continuous conduction)
occurs by jumping of impulses from node to node salutatory (jumping) conduction
the speed of conduction of action potential depends on ?
explain the mechanism
the degree of myelination increases the myelin sheath thickness leads to the increase in the membrane resistance to current so the charge will jump from one node to another and increase the conduction velocity
what disease causes loss of myelin sheaths and what happens due to that
in multiple sclerosis loss of myelin sheaths cause decrease in conduction velocity
usually the nerve impulse propagates in nerve fibers from ? to ?
its name is ?
from receptors to CNS
orthodromic conduction
conduction of the nerve impulse in the opposite direction of the usual is named
and from where to where?
antidromic conduction
from the CNS to receptors
causes of graded membrane potential 2
ligand gated ion channel
opening of some voltage gated Na channels
depolarization is caused by ?
opening of all voltage gated sodium channels
repolarization is caused by ?
opening of K channells so potassium eflux occurs
hyperpolarization occurs due to ?
delayed closure of potassium channels
what solution is added
and what is its conc.
and what happens to the cell
hypertonic solution
18 grams of salt in 1 liter of solution
what solution is added
and what is its conc.
and what happens to the cell
hypotonic solution
pure water
cell swelling
what solution is added
and what is its conc.
and what happens to the cell
isotonic solution
9 grams of salt in 1 liter of solution
nothing
no change in cell volume
what type of autonomic ganglia is 1
and say all of its properties
lateral (paravertebral) ganglia
on the sides of the spinal cord
about 22-24 ganglia on each side
2 rows of sympathetic chain ganglia
relay station for sympathetic nerve fibers only
what type of autonomic ganglia is 2
and say all of its properties
collateral (prevertebral) ganglia
in the abdomen, midway between spinal cord and viscera
its a relay station for sympathetic nerve fibers
what type of autonomic ganglia is 3
and say all of its properties
terminal ganglia
in the wall or very close to the wall of the organ
relay station for all parasymp. and some sympathetic nerve fibers
what state is this
RMP or polarization
what state is this
depolarization state of action potential
what state is this
repolarization state of action potential
what type of conduction is this
and mention all its properties
saltatory conduction
myelinated fibers
up to 120 m/sec
less energy consumption (1% of continuous conduction)
occurs by jumping of impulses from node to node
what type of conduction is this
continuous conduction
unmyelinated nerve fibers
0.5-2 m/sec
more energy consumption
ooccurs step by step or sweeping
what happened ☹
what are happening bcoz of this
multiple sclerosis
loss of myelin sheaths causes decrease in conduction velocity
Note
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