ANATOMY EXAM 4

left coronary branches

anterior interventricular and circumflex branch

anterior interventricular artery

left anterior descending branch, serves both ventricles and anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum

circumflex branch

gives off left marginal branch serving the left atrium, ends on posterior side of heart serving left atrium and posterior wall of left ventricle

types of arteries

conducting, distributing, resistance

conducting arteries

aka elastic, largest diameter, low-resistance, elastic fibers in all three tunics

example of conducting artery

aorta and subclavian artery

distributing artery

aka muscular artery, tunica media is mostly smooth muscle, active in vasoconstriction, distribute blood to specific organs

example of distributing artery

renal artery

resistance artery

aka small artery, arterioles and metaartioles

arterioles

smallest diameter, regulates blood flow through capillaries beds

metarterioles

links arterioles to capillaries , tunica media is smooth muscle cells, acts as precapillary sphincters

types of capillaries

continuous, fenestrated, sinusoids

continuous capillaries

most common, no permanent opening

fenestrated capillaries

walls contain filtration pores, permanent openings, leaky walls, important in organs involved in rapid absorption and filtration

location of continuous capillaries

skin and skeletal muscles

location of fenestrated capillaries

kidney, small intestines, endocrine glands

sinusoid capillaries

endothelium is discontinuous, no basal lamina, irregular blood filled spaces

location of sinusoid capillaries

spleen, bone-marrow, liver

types of veins

postcapillary, muscular venules, median veins, large veins, venous sinuses

postcapillary

endothelium, smallest vein, no media or externa, most leukocytes exit blood

muscular venules

tunica media present

medium veins

all 3 tunics, valves may be present, tunica externa thickest

large veins

smooth muscle in all tunics

venous sinuses

thin walls, large lumens, no smooth muscle (ex. coronary sinus)

veins capable of vasoconstriction

postcapillary, muscular venules, medium veins, large veins

veins not capable of vasoconstriction

venous sinuses

respiratory flow

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi (lobar than segmental), bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

right lung

3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)l

left lung

2 lobes (superior, inferior)

cartilages of the larynx

epiglottic, thyroid, cricoid

epiglottic cartilage

single, spoon shaped

thyroid cartilage

single, largest, shield life

cricoid cartilage

single, ring like, lies below thyroid cartilage

salivary glands

salivary amylase, lipases, antibacterial

extrinsic salivary glands

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

increasing factors of surface area in the small intestines

plicae circulares. villi, microvilli

plicae circulares

circular folds of mucosa and submucosa

villi

projections of the mucosa

enterocytes

lines villi, simple columnar epithelial cells, nutrient absorptive cells

microvilli

highly folded regions of plasma membrane of enterocytes

renal circulation mnemonic

Ren & Steve In A CAGE

renal circulation

aorta, renal, segmental, interlobar, arcuate, cortical radiate, afferent, glomerulus, efferent

loop of henle

proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb, acceding limb, distal convoluted tubule

layers of the GI tract

mucosa, submucous, muscularis externa, serosa/adventitia

lesser mesentary

extends from liver to lesser curve of stomach

greater mesentary

extends from stomach to small intestines

oral cavity/mouth

goes from oral fissure to fauces of oropharynx, lined by stratified squamous epithelium

vestibule

space between lips/cheeks and teeth

parts of cheeks and lips

cutaneous area, vermillion, superior/inferior labial mucosa

cutaneous area

skin color, mustache area

vermillion region

red area, lips

labial mucosa

inner surface of lips, faces gum and teeth

regions of the tongue

root, body, lingual frenulum, terminal sulcus

the tongue is made of …

stratified squamous epithelium

root

start of the tongue

body

anterior of tongue

lingual frenulum

attaches body to floor of mouth

terminal sulcus

V shaped groove between the body and root

lingual papillae of tongue

fungiform, filiform, foliate, vallate

fungiform

mushroom shaped, has taste buds

filiform

cone shaped, no taste buds

palate

separate oral cavity from nasal cavity, hard palate, soft palate, uvula

hard palate

anterior region

soft palate

posterior region

uvula

projection assist in preventing food from entering nasal cavity

pharynx

aka throat, funnel shaped, conducts air and food

3 zones of pharynx

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

esophagus

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, mucus gland in submucosa

esophageal hiatus

esophagus hits the diaphragm at this opening

lower esophageal sphincter

esophagus and stomach, prevent regurgitation

flow of semen

seminiferous tubules, rete testes, efferent ductules, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejacultory ducts, urethra

seminal vesicles

produce semen

ascending aorta branches

coronary artery

aortic arch branches

brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian arteries

brachiocephalic trunk branches

right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery

common carotid artery branches

external carotid and internal carotid artery

subclavian artery branches

vertebral arteries, thyrocervical trunks, costocervical trunks

visceral branches of thoracic artery

bronchial, esophageal, and mediastinal arteries

parietal branches of thoracic artery

superior phrenic artereisbr

branches of subclavian artery

posterior intercostal arteries, subcostal arteries, internal thoracic artery

branches of axillary arteries

thoracoacromial artery, lateral thoracic artery, subscapular artery, anterior/posterior circumflex humeral arteries

branches of brachial artery

radial and ulnar artery, palmar arches

what does not contribute to the large surface area available for nutrient absorption in the small intestine?

rugae

This tissue lines the oral cavity

stratified squamous epithelium

Which of the following regulates the flow of contents from the stomach to the duodenum

pyloric sphincter

The transition from an afferent arteriole to an efferent arteriole occurs only in the

glomerulus

The most abundant nitrogenous waste of the blood is

urea

From the arcuate artery, blood then flows into which vessels

Cortical radiate arteries

Most blood from the brain flows down the internal jugular veins and then into what vessel?

subclavian artery

Which of the following constitutes the principal drainage of the thoracic organs?

azygos system

this vessel collects poorly oxygenated blood that has passed through and supplied the heart tissue and empties into the right atrium. It is also not subject ot any type of vasomotion.

coronary sinus

what has thin walls, large lumens, an absence of smooth muscle, and are incapable of vasomtion?

vanous sinuses

the alternative blood flow is a route by which blood flows from an artery to a vein without passing though capillaries

anastomosis

which branch of the abdominal aorta supplies the distal end of the large intestine

inferior mesenteric

where is the greatest volume of blood found in the body?

veins

this vein is located on the medial side of the dorsal venous arch goes all the way up to the inguinal region and is the longest vein in the body

great saphenous vein

this branch of the posterior tibial artery provide blood to the big toe

medial plantar artery

these narrow air passages beneath the conchae create turbulence within the nasal cavity.

meatuses

what is the thin serous membrane that covers the surface of the lung

visceral pleura

this helps keep the alveoli from collapsing during exhalation by decreasing surface tensin

surfactant