World History Test - Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, and other Revolutions

These flashcards cover key concepts and figures from the Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, and various revolutions.

Reformation

A movement for religious reform that criticized corruption within the church and led to the creation of new faiths.

Indulgences

Payments made to the church that were believed to reduce punishment for sins.

Desiderius Erasmus

A Dutch philosopher who advocated for church reform and encouraged Christians to read the Bible.

95 Thesis

Martin Luther's document that criticized church practices, particularly indulgences.

Printing Press

A technology invented by Johannes Gutenberg that allowed for mass production of books and spread of ideas.

Scientific Revolution

An era of scientific advancement that emphasized observation and evidence, challenging traditional authority.

Heliocentric Theory

The astronomical model proposed by Nicholas Copernicus which posited that the sun is at the center of the universe.

Isaac Newton

A scientist known for formulating the three laws of motion.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement emphasizing reason, knowledge, and skepticism of authority during the 17th-18th centuries.

Social Contract Theory

The concept promoted by John Locke that government should protect natural rights: life, liberty, and property.

Separation of Powers

A principle proposed by Baron De Montesquieu to prevent any one branch of government from becoming too powerful.

Direct Democracy

A political system advocated by Jacques Rousseau where political authority belongs to the people.

Mercantilism

Economic theory that Adam Smith opposed, advocating instead for capitalism.

Political Equality for Women

The advocacy promoted by Mary Wollstonecraft for equal rights and education access for women.

Treason

The crime for which King Louis XVI was executed during the French Revolution.

Fall of the Bastille

The event that marked the beginning of the French Revolution, involving the attack on a prison for weapons.

Committee of Public Safety

The governing body led by Maximilien Robespierre during the French Revolution, known for executing counter-revolutionaries.

Napoleonic Code

A legal code established by Napoleon that amalgamated traditional law with restrictions on freedoms.

Jamaica Letter

A significant document by Simon Bolivar discussing the need for independence in Latin America.