Muscle Biomechanics

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33 Terms

1

faster

the _ the contraction concentrically, the weaker we are

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2

increases

maximum velocity _ as maximum force increases

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3

actin-myosin

the force comes from the _ overlap

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4

maximum

in the middle of range of motion for joint, muscles produce _ force because of maximum actin-myosin overlap

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5

shorter; longer

at _ resting lengths, force comes from actin and myosin bonds

at _ resting lengths, force comes from fibers and elastic tension in passive tissues

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6

stretch-shortening cycle

An eccentric contraction following immediately by a concentric contraction

Takes advantage of two musculoskeletal traits:

  • Elastic recoil of the passive tissues (SEC and PEC) of the muscle-tendon unit

  • Stretch reflex: activating the muscle that has been stretched (muscle spindles)

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7

muscle power

muscle force x contraction velocity

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8

1/3

peak power occurs at the most concave part of the curve at _ max force and velocity

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9

increases

• Moderately elevated temperature _ speed of nerve and muscle function, shifting the F-V curve upwards

• Most efficient temp:  101.3

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10

EMD

is significantly longer in children

  • time needed to take the slack to of the tendons

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11

fast twitch

delay = 20 ms

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12

slow twitch

delay = 100ms

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13

torque

we more commonly assess the amount of _ a muscle group can generate at a joint

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14

cross sectional, training

The tension generating capability of a muscle is related to its _ area and its _ state

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15

90 N/cm²

a muscle can generate _ of force

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16

rotary component

• Perpendicular to the bone

• Causes motion to occur

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17

stabilizing component

• Parallel to the bone

• Brings the two articular surfaces closer together

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18

purpose of patella

to increase the mechanical advantage of the quadriceps muscles by increasing the rotary component

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19

electromyography (EMG)

• Recording the electrical stimulus (input) from the nerve into the muscle

• Measures neural activity not force

  • no defined pattern

Electrode Examples:

  • cabled “hard wired” system

  • wireless/telemetric system - cabes

  • fine wire EMG electrodes

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20

myalgia

muscle pain from any disorder

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21

myopathy

Any disease of muscle

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22

strain

Tearing of a muscle

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23

sarcopenia

The wasting of muscle tissue and decrease in strength associated with aging

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24

cachexia

The wasting of muscle tissue associated with disease

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25

cramps

moderate to severe muscle spasms and pain. 

• Usually attributed to electrolyte imbalances, Ca and Mg deficiencies, or dehydration

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26

DOMS

Pain and swelling 24-72 hours after strenuous exercise related to microtearing of the muscle tissue

  • eccentric exercise causes most soreness

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27

contusions

Muscle bruises caused by compressive forces sustained during impacts

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28

myositis ossificans

calcifications of muscle tissue caused by repeated or serious contusions

  • Body will resorb in about 2 months

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29

Rhabdomyolysis

• Caused by crushing or extremely destructive exercise

• If a large number of muscles are crushed, myoglobin will pour into the bloodstream

• Will clog kidneys, leading to kidney failure and ultimately heart failure

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30

muscular dystrophy

• A category of diseases, not one disease

• Hereditary

• Usually diagnosed in childhood

• Muscles lack a protein, “dystrophin

• This results in a weakened sarcolemma

• If the sacrolemma tears, the muscle cannot function

• No known cure

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31

Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

• Most common type of muscular dystrophy

• Mainly in males (1:3500 boys) because it is inherited via X chromosome.

• Onset between 2 and 10 years

• Victims rarely live past 20 years

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myotonic dystrophy

• Onset between birth and age 60

• Slow progressing

• Victims have muscle spasms, muscle weakness, and heart arrythymia

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33

fibromyalgia

• Idiopathic chronic pain syndrome

• Symptoms include musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, sleep disorders, and headache

• Affects 2% of people, mostly women

• Pain must be present in at least 11 of 18 trigger points

• Treated with antidepressants, pain medication, and exercise

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