Urbanization APHuG

Site

actual place or location of the settlement and the land on which the city was built

Why do people migrate due to site?

People want good landscapes and access to natural resources, transportation systems, and trade routes

Situation

relative location of a city in relation to other things

How does transportation influence urbanization?

transportation affects settlement patterns and allows facilities to relocate (good trade access)

How does communication influence urbanization?

more efficient, increased production, telecommunication

How does migration influence urbanization?

rural-urban, urban places have more opportunity, good health care, education, and safety

How does economic development influence urbanization?

allows diverse services involved with tech, helps to advance

How do government policies influence urbanization?

attracts business, boosts economy, encourages regional allies

How does population growth influence urbanization?

calls for expansion of a city (automobile)

Megacities

a city with a population of more than 10 million

metacities

a city with a population of more than 20 million

Why do semi-peripheral and peripheral countries urbanize rapidly?

in hopes for better opportunites

Suburbanization

moving people from CBD to outskirts of the city to live

Urban sprawl

areas of poorly planned, low density development surrounding a city

decentralization

transferring power and authority from central to local/regional

What does suburbanization, urban sprawl, and decentralization cause?

it creates edge cities, exurbs, and boomburbs

edge cities

a types of community located on outskirts of a larger city with commercial centers with office space, retail complexes, and other amenities typical of an urban center

exurb

a fast growing community outside or at edge of metropolitan area where residents and community are closely connected to the central city and suburbs

boomburb

suburb growing rapidly into large and sprawling city with more than 100,000 residents

world cities

cities that influence the entire globe (london, tokyo, paris, new york)

what do world cities do?

they drive globalization

rank size rule

the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement (determines pop. size)

primate city rule

largest city exceeds the next city in population size and influence/importance (determines pop. size)

gravity model

demonstrates how different places interact with one another based on their area of influence, commerce, and communication linkages (higher the pop., higher the interaction)

central place theory

describes the spatial relationship between cities and surrounding communities (explains the hierarchy patterns of cities)

how does culture affect land-use patterns and residential buildings?

affects how a community is spaced (americans like single family homes with space)

what do residential buildings and land use patterns reflect?

culture, technological capabilities, cycles of development and infilling

infilling

the building of new retail, business, or residential spaces on vacant or underused parcels in already-developed areas (counters sprawl)

how does high density affect residential buildings?

high rise luxury towers, mid rise apartment buildings

how does mid density affect residential buildings?

brownstone, town homes, multi-family flats

how does low density affect residential buildings?

town homes, apartments, duplexes, single family homes

burgess concentric zone mode

observes city growing outward from CBD in series of concentric rings

what are the zones in burgess concentric zone model

1) CBD

2) Wholesale light manufacturing

3) Working class residential

4) middle class residential

5) high class residential

hoyt sector model

depicts a city with wedge shaped sectors and divisions emanating from CBD (along transit route, uses same zones as burgess concentric zone model)

Harris and Ullman multiple nuclei model

depicts a city where growth occurs around progressive integration of multiple nodes, not one CBD

What are the zones in multiple nuclei model?

1) CBD

2) Wholesale light manufacturing

3) Working class residential

4) middle class residential

5) high class residential

6) heavy manufacturing

7) outlying business district

8) residential suburb

9) industrial suburb

galactic city model

shows how car based living changed function of city and creates urban sprawl

zones in galactic city model

1) central city

2) suburban residential

3) shopping mall

4) service center

5) industrial park

6) office park

7) airport

bid rent theory

land costs drop as distance from the CBD grows

latin america city model

shows modern issues, economic status, market center, long avenue from center, and sections with extreme poverty

SE asia city model

city around port without formal CBD with concentric rings along many nodes

Africa city model

ctiy with 3 CBDs growing outward in series of concentric rings (fairly out of date)

describe the qualities of high infrastructure

regulated sanitation systems, efficient transport of goods, bus lanes/roads/sidewalk space

describe the qualities of low infrastructure

unsafe roads, inadequate security public transit, poor plumbing

Sustainable design & zoning practices include

mixed land use, walkability, transport oriented development, diverse housing options & smart growth policies like New Urbanism, greenbelts & slow growth

mixed land use development

a single planned development designed to include multiple uses (residential, retail, educational, recreational, industrial, and office spaces)

walkability

a measure of how safe, convenient, and efficient it is to walk in an urban environment

transport oriented development

the creation of dense, walkable, pedestrian-oriented, mixed use communities centered around or located near a transit station

diverse housing

promoting low-cost housing such as townhouses, multi-family dwellings, and live-work spaces

smart growth policies

creating sustainable communities by placing development in convenient locations and designing it to be more efficient and environmentally responsible

new urbanism

school of thought with a goal to promote designing it to be more efficient and environmentally responsible

slow growth city

city where planners have used smart-growth policies to decrease the rate at which the city grows outward

greenbelt

a ring of parkland, agricultural land, or other type of open space maintained around an urban area to limit sprawl

Criticism of sustainable design include

increased housing costs, de facto segregation, loss of historical or place character

de facto segregation

segregation results from residential settlement patterns rather than from prejudicial laws

redlining

practice where financial institution (ex: bank) refuses to offer home loans on the basis of a neighborhood’s racial/ethnic makeup

blockbusting

agents convincing white property owners to sell their houses below market value due to the belief that diverse/black neighborhoods were not as valuble

services and crime

accessibility to services and rates of violent crimes

environmental injustice

the ways in which communities are likely to be exposed to environmental burdens

disamenity zones

the very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services

squatter settlements

an area of degraded, seemingly temporary, inadequate and often illegal housing

urban renewal

nationwide movement were grants were given to tear down and clear out crumbling neighborhoods and former industrial zones as a means of rebuilding downtowns

gentrification

the process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area

benefits of gentrification

increased property values, higher income residents, increased tourism, neighborhood improvements (sidewalks, parks), restores and area’s visual appeal, enhances cultural landscapes

drawbacks of gentrification

results in the displacement of less-affluent residents, the now increased prices are less inclusive, and it can result in a loss of cultural landscape/unique character

Regional planning

planning at regional scale seeks to coordinate the development of housing, transportation, urban infrastructure, and economic activities (ex: metropolitan region and suburbs share transportation/other services)

brownfields

abandoned and polluted industrial site in a central city/suburb

infrastructure

Fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or area, as transportation and communication systems, power plants, and schools

Urban growth boundaries

a restriction on development outside a designated area

Zoning

dividing an area into zones or sections reserved for different purposes such as residence and business and manufacturing etc

range

how far you are willing to travel for a service

threshold

minimum number of people needed to support a service (potential customers)

megalopolis

massive urban complex that merges several metropolitan areas