Chapter 1: Theoretical Perspectives

growth

the progressive increase in the size of a child or parts of a child

weight and height

what are two measurements that are used to measure growth?

genetics, nutrition, gender, age

what are 4 things that cause variations in growth?

good nutrition, adequate sleep, and regular exercise

normal growth is supported by __________

nutrition

feeds our cells

exercise

strengthens our muscles and bones

sleep

allows the body to produce GH (early life) and restore cells (later in life)

socioeconomic status; inadequate nutrition

there is a decrease in the height and weight of children of lower _______ because of _________

growth

an increase in size

development

an increase in capability

continuous or discontinuous, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, lifelong, nature vs nurture

6 important aspects/basic issues in Development

child’s vocabulary grows daily

example of continuous development

learning to walk

what is an example of discontinuous development?

things such as genetics, parenting style, and culture

what makes development multidimensional?

it isn’t always linear; there can be gains and losses

what does it mean that development can be multidirectional?

plastic

when saying that someone has the potential or ability to change (resiliance/adapting) that is referred to as?

lifelong

development is ____ because the events effect the future

theory

an orderly, integrated set of statements that explains and predicts behavior

Freud

what theorist focused on personality development (psychoanalytic theory)

at birth

when is Id developed?

Id

personality component that Freud said is the largest portion of the mind, is mostly unconscious, and is the pleasure principle

6 months

when did Freud say that ego was developed?

Ego

the more rational, conscious part of the brain; reality principle (Freud)

6 years

how long did Freud say it took for Superego to develop?

Superego

personality component that acts as the morality principle. conforms you to society, guilty conscious

Oral (0-18 mos)

what is Freuds first psychosexual stage?

Anal (18-36 mos)

what is Freuds 2nd psychosexual stage?

Phallic (3-6 yrs)

what is Freuds 3rd psychosexual stage?

Latency (6-puberty)

what is Freuds 4th psychosexual stage?

Genital (puberty & onward)

what is Freuds 5th & final psychosexual stage?

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

List Freuds 5 psychosexual stages in order

oral

psychosexual stage centered on the mouth

anal

psychosexual stage focused on bowel/bladder elimination

phallic

psychosexual stage focused on the genitals

latency

psychosexual stage where sexuality is dormant

genital

psychosexual stage where they develop sexual feelings toward others

fixate

strong conflict can _____ an individual at stage 1,2,3 and can be seen later in life

oral

someone who smokes, is demanding, has unresolved anxiety, or obsessively eats is fixated in what stage?

anal

people who are overly orderly/neat freak, germaphobe, or concerned about being punctual might be fixated on what stage?

phallic

someone who flirts frequently or is promiscuous is fixated on what stage?

repression

the involuntary exclusion of painful or conflicting feelings, experience, or memory from awareness

repression

defense mechanism where the person can block painful memories from the consciousness

regression

adapting behavior characteristics of a previous developmental level

regression

defense mechanism where someone might suck their thumb, curl up in the fetal position, or throw a temper tantrum

compensation

overachievement in one area to offset deficiencies or failure in another area

compensation

defense mechanism where the person has bad grades but is good at sports

displacement

release or redirection of feelings on a safe object or person

rationalization

the justification of behavior

reaction formation

unacceptable impulses that are repressed by opposite overt behavior

reaction formation

defense mechanism example: Jane thinks Sue is mean but when she is around Sue she acts like her best friend.

Erikson

Psychoanalytic Theorist who said there were 8 stages of development that lasted throughout the lifetime; have two polarities and the crisis in each stage must be resolved properly to move to the next stage.

classical conditioning and operant conditioning

what are the 2 main behavioral theories?

classical conditioning

technique used in behavioral training in which a stimulus is paired with a response

operant conditioning

method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for the behavior

Pavlov

developed classical conditioning

Skinner

developed operant conditioning

unconscious stimulant, unconscious reaction, conscious stimulant, conscious reaction

4 aspects of classical conditioning

Bandura

who developed the Social Learning Theory

Social Learning Theory

social behavior is learned through observing and imitating others (observational learning)

attention, memory, motor control, motivation

what 4 interacting mental processes must occur for the social learning theory to be successful?

Piaget

who developed the Theory of Cognitive Development

assimilation

the child takes in new information and incorporates them into his existing ideas (schema)

accommodation

the child’s ideas are changed or even replaced based on new information

information processing

can the child store and retrieve the information they gained?

assimilation, accommodation, information processing

3 parts of the Theory of Cognitive Development

understanding

the Theory of Cognitive Development is mostly focused on _______

Vygotsky

who developed the Sociocultural Theory?

Sociocultural Theory

this theory says that cognitive development stems from social interaction with more knowledge others (MKO)

zone of proximal development

the difference between what the learner can do on their own and what they can achieve with some guidance from a MKO

Kohlberg

who developed the Theory of Moral Development?

Theory of Moral Development

theory that focused on moral development; reason behind decisions to moral development

Bronfenbenner

creator of the Ecological Systems Theory

microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem

5 layers of the environment in Ecological Systems Theory

microsystem

the immediate environment (parents, school, etc).

mesosystem

connections of microsystem (parent teacher conference)

exosystem

encompasses society (environments that the child isn’t directly involved in but is effected by) (long commute = less time with child)

macrosystem

cultural/socioeconomic influences

chronosystem

time dimension (when in the child’s life or in history did the event occur)?

Pavlov focused on involuntary response while Skinner focused on voluntary response

describe the difference of Pavlov’s and Skinner’s Behavior Learning theories

Piagets theory says that a child will take knowledge they already have and apply it to something new, and will then adjust said knowledge when new information is gained.

describe how Piaget theory of assimilation and accomodation

he theorized that we learn by observing and then imitating others

describe how Bandura theorized how people learn

the emphasis is on the more knowledgeable other. the more knowledgable other acts as scaffolding to guide the child to being able to do something themself. The Zone of Proximal Development is that space between their current capabilities and where they can be once given guidance.

what was the emphasis of Vygotsky human development? What is meant by scaffolding and the Zone of Proximal Development?

repression, regression, compensation, displacement, rationalization, reaction formation

Identify examples of Defense Mechanisms

microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem

Identify the layers of the Ecological Systems Theory

moral development and the reason behind decision to moral development

What is the main focus of Kohlberg’s theory?