Final Exam Review

Assembly is used when there is no existing reference genome and Alignment is used to compare DNA to existing sequences.

True

Which of the following are considered to be components of a gene?  Select all that apply.

 

primer

transcription initiation site

Promoter

terminator 

coding sequence

enhancers

transcription initiation site

Promoter

terminator 

coding sequence

Just like DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase performs a template-directed synthesis in the:

5'---->3' direction

De Novo sequencing refers to which of the following?

sequencing an organism for the first time

One difference between DNA and RNA is that RNA:

contains the base Uracil.

The Genome Browser shows you how many reading frames for a gene?

3

For the activity this week, which genome will you be using?

D. melanogaster

Performing electrophoresis in water, instead of buffer:

won’t work because the buffer provides ions to allow the current to move

The fragments of DNA we will be examining this week in lab will be separated based on fragment _____________.

Length

__________ is a series of techniques by which biomolecules can be separated based on size, length and/or shape.

Electrophoresis

When using microsatellites as genetic markers, as we do in this lab exercise, it is easy to identify heterozygotes because they all show 2 bands.

True

_______________ can compare translated nucleotides to proteins.

BLAST

BLAST stands for _______________________________________.

Basic Local Alignment Search Tool

Select the BEST answer.

When genotyping to determine relationships, we are looking for alleles that _______________?

exclude someone from the potential relationship.

We use genotyping to determine relationships because it is provides indisputable scientific facts.

True

What was the first heritable variation detected in human DNA called?

restriction fragment-length polymorphism

What was the first public use of genetic fingerprinting? 

Proving a boy was the biological child of his mother

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY

DNA from skeletal remains was able to prove that the remains belongs to Josef Mengele because of what development(s)?

PCR 

STR

RFLP

minisatellites

PCR

STR

In forensic cases, what is sometimes typed because samples contain many more copies of this than what is normally typed?

Mitochondria DNA

Why are STRs used in genetic profiling?

They contain a given number of repeats that can be used in combination with other STRs to identify people

The following best describes which process?

This method relies on variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms to distinguish various alleles, which are separated on a polyacrylamide gel using an allelic ladder. Bands can be visualized by silver staining the gel.

AFLP

The following best describes which process?

The cell and nuclear membranes need to be broken up to allow the DNA to be free in solution. Once the DNA is free, it can be separated from all other cellular components. After the DNA has been separated in solution, the remaining cellular debris can then be removed from the solution and discarded, leaving only DNA.

DNA extraction

The following best describes which process?

Used to detect specific DNA sequences, this method combines transfer of electrophoresis-separated DNA fragments to a filter membrane and subsequent fragment detection by probe hybridization.

Southern Blot

In this lab, to analyze modes of inheritance through pedigrees, we assume that:

 

the trait displays complete penetrance

the trait is rare in population

the trait is not Y-linked

All of the above

None of the above.

All of the Above

What is the most likely Mode of Inheritance in the pedigree below?

Autosomal Dominant

The GENOTYPE of the affected son and daughter at the bottom of the following pedigree is most likely _______?

homozygous recessive

If a population of people had the exact same genes for a trait but only some people exhibit the trait we would say the trait has:

Incomplete Penetrance

One way to distinguish dominant and recessive traits in a pedigree is that the former will not skip generations but the latter will. But will recessive traits always skip generations?

No, if both parents are homozygous for the recessive trait it will not skip generations

Professor Oak is attempting to start a breeding program for shiny Psyducks! The shiny individuals are marked as affected on the above pedigree. He can't quite pin down the mode of inheritance and needs your professional opinion. Based on the pedigree above, what is the most likely MOI for shininess? 

X-linked recessive

True or False:

You have learned genetic variations underlie the abnormal features of cancer cells, and not all genetic variations give rise to cancer.

True

If a mutation in a genome is seen in both somatic and cancer cells, then…

the mutation is likely genetic

If a mutation in a gebnome is seen only in cancer cells (tumor) then …

the mutation is likely cancerous only.

What are the main assumptions of pedigrees?

• Each person Married into the family does not have the trait and is not a carrier.

• Not Y-linked

• Complete Penetrance is Assumed

In STR where can you find the largest fragment?

By looking the farthest down the scale

If an STR has one peak then …

it indicates a homozygous genotype.

If an STR has two peaks then …

it indicates a heterozygous genotype.

When looking at a BLAST database, what is the Source organism?

refers to the species or organism from which the queried sequence originated, indicating its biological origin in the BLAST database.

When looking at a BLAST database, what is the reference?

refers to a sequence or dataset used as a comparison for querying sequences, helping to identify similarities or differences in genetic data.

What is the gel of a gel electrophoresis made of?

A gel made of agarose or polyacrylamide used to separate DNA, RNA, or proteins by size during electrophoresis.