urban places

study notes for topic: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_DjEJgiSmfHDKqqOXOkACTN3JvDL2rj2NrArtEfjn6U/edit?usp=sharing

what are the indicators of global health?

flows of capital, flows of information, flows of people

what are flows of capital?

money available for business investment or sources

what are flows of information?

varuous knowledge and ideas, such as intellectual propertu, scientific research data and cultural symbols

what are flows of people?

short term migration of business people, scientists, toursits

what is dominance?

the amount of control some urban places exert over other places and the spatial extent of control

what is dependance?

the phenomenon in which less powerful centres become reliant upon world cities for investment, employment, infrastructure and decision making

what is demise?

the decay of an urban area

what is an urban centre?

an urban are that is large and heavily populated

what is a regional centre?

any economic unit which is involved with the promotion of economic growth

what is a small town?

an incorporated or un-incorporated community w/ a population of less than 5,000 individuals

what is a global centre?

theatres of global accumulation, technological dominance, financial dominance in productions + distribution, cultural influence and strategic decision making

what is the new international division of labour (NIDL)?

a global division of labour associated with the growth of transnational corporations and the deindustrialization of advanced economies. manifests as research and development in more economically developed countries, and cheap, less skilled labour in less economically developed countries.

what are dominant cities based on?

the tertiary and quaternary sector

what is the tertiary sector?

the sector of the economy that concerns services

what is the quaternary sector?

associated with either the intellectual or knowledge-based economy

what % of the HQs of the largest TNCS are in world cities?

70%

what is the most connected airport in the world?

Heathrow

how many regions with populations less than 4000 will struggle to survive?

over 400

when did dubbos population grow by 20,000

1971-2006

what % of Dubbos population works in wholesale/retail?

47%

what is aggregation?

the formation of a number of things into a cluster.

what highways are dubbo on?

great western highway and newell highway

what % of worlds population lives in urban areas?

55%

what is a megacity?

very large urban agglomerations of at least 10 million people

what are the reasons for growth in cities?

• mechanism of agriculture

• globalisation

• government policies

• cultural significance of city

• natural increase within cities themselves

what is the brandt line?

The concept of a gap between the Global North and the Global South in terms of development and wealth

what are the characteristics of megacities?

• overurbanisation

• Perform national or international functions

• Large Informal Economies

• Manufacturing centres

• Unplanned Settlements

• Social Polarisation

what is the lowest average income of the favalas in Brazil

$100 USD/month

what is a world city?

a large city that has outstripped it's national urban network and become part of the international urban network and the international global system

what is globalisation?

a process in which people and countries of the world are being brough closer together economically and culturally through trade, information tech, travel, cultural exchange, the mass media and mass entertainment

what are the classifications of world cities?

AT Kearney, GaWC, Forbes 2014

what are 3 criteria in forbes 2014?

• how many business sectors

• air connectivity

• strength of product services

what are 2 alpha ++ cities?

New York, London

what are 2 alpha + cities?

Tokyo, Paris

what are 2 alpha cities?

Sydney, Milan

what are alpha++ described as alpha++?

they are more integrated into the global economy than everything else

what do alpha + cities do?

complement world cities by filling advanced service niches for the global economy

what do alpha cities do?

link major economic regions into the world economy

what do world cities act as/do?

→ a centre of world trade

→ leader in banking and finance

→ host international events

→ headquarters of non-government agencies

→ major tourist destinations

→ command and control centre of economy

what does economic mean?

pertaining to the production, distribution and use of income, wealth and commodities

what does cultural mean?

refers to the behaviours and beliefs characteristic of a particular social, ethnic or age group

what does authority mean?

the power to direct and exact performance from others

→ includes the right to prescribe the means and methods by which work will be done

what is the main role of world cities?

to network itself to the rest of the world and in doing so improve it's economic power, cultural dominance and wealth

what are the forms of economic authority?

→ command and control centres in the global economy (TNC headquarters)

→ disseminate global finance

→ focus on quaternary activities

→ key locations for a full range of services

→ markets for a full range of goods and services

what is an example of control centres in the global economy?

UNIQLO in Tokyo

what is an example of disseminate global finance?

(2 top 10 banks) JP Morgan Chase and Citigroup INC. both situated in NY

what is an example of a focus on quaternary activities?

xx

what are the forms of cultural authority?

→ social infrastructure

→ cultural facilities

→ distinct and prestigious lifestyles

→ strong transport linkages

what is an example of social infrastructure?

London hosting 3 Olympics’ in 1908, 1948, 2012

what is an example of cultural facilities?

The Lourve (1st in art galleries) is present in Paris

what is an example of strong transport linkages?

London underground, Tokyo metro (where high levels of population occur)

how many people are projected to live in megacities in 2030

an increase to 752 million (8.8% of population)

what % of mega cities are within the developing world?

90%

how many people share one toilet in Dharavi?

500

how many people are employed in Dharavi?

85%

what is Mumbais recycling district called?

District 13 - in Dharavi

what is the incidence and prevalence of illness in Dharavi?

4000 cases per day

what % of mega city growth is fuelled by migration?

40%

what are centrifugal factors?

push factors out of rural areas

what are centripetal factors?

pull factors into an urban area

what is micro financing?

the notion that an NGO will loan a small amount of money to a village/family/person so that they can kickstart a business - e.g seeds, cows, etc

what is the informal economy?

the part of any economy that is neither taxed nor monitored by any form of government

how many people are involved in the informal economy around the globe?

1\.8 billion

what is the response to favelas in brasil?

programma favela-bairro

what is the response to Dharavi in Mumbai, India?

dharavi redevelopment plan

what % of people living in developing megacities are in the informal sector?

37%

what % of dhaka works in the informal economy?

75%

what % of jakarta works in the informal economy?

33%

what is urban dynamics?

the forces that shape and reshape cities over time. They can occur as gradual and natural processes or as coordinated government actions

what is urban morphology?

the study of the formation of human settlements and the process of their formation and transformation

what is isation?

The movement of people, employment and facilities away from the inner city towards outer urban areas

what is urban sprawl?

rapid expansion of the geographic extent of cities and towns

• low density residential housing

• single use zoning

• reliance on private cars for transport

what is ex urbanisation?

the process by which urban residents move into rural areas that remain in close proximity to the main city, and allow them to live a city facilitated lifestyle

what is counterurbanisation?

the reversal of the rural to a large city movement associated w/ urbanisation. This means people are leaving large urban areas and are moving to smaller urban centres.

what is decentralisation?

the dispersal of activities and people from large urban centres to smaller urban centres and rural communities. occurs when governments provide encouragement and incentives to move out of large metropolitan regions.

what is urban consolidation?

policies designed to increase population densities in established urban areas by promoting the construction of medium to high density housing. it allows for more dwelling units on a given land area.

how many people per hectare in australian cities?

14 people

what are the case studies for challenge: employment

Lagos, Bangladesh

how much is the punishment for street hawking in Lagos

6 months prison + 90,000 naira fine

through what fund are affected people in Lagos receiving funds?

N24-billion Employment Trust Fund

what are the responses to employment in Dhaka

Grameen bank

how many people borrow from Grameen bank

8\.8

what are the location examples for air pollution/traffic

mexico city, mumbai, jakarta

how many people live in mexico city?

21 million

how many cars are in mumbai?

1\.8 milllion

what is the response to traffic in mumbai?

Mumbai urban infrastructure project, coastal road project

what is the response to traffic in jakarta?

odd-even license plate system

what is exurbanisation

process where affluent people move to peri-metropolitan areas but remain connected to urban areas

what is the location example for suburbanisation?

Epping

what is the location example for exurbanisation?

Bowral-Mittagong region

what cities are in evocities?

Albury, Armidale, Bathurst, Dubbo, Orange, Tamworth and Wagga

what are the urban dynamics of change?

suburbanisation

exurbanisation

counterurbanisation

decentralisation

consolidation

urban decay

urban renewal

urban village

spatial exclusion

what is the example for urban consolidation?

sydney city - darling square

what is urban decay?

the deterioration of existing buildings and the subsequent degradation of surrounding areas

what is the location example for urban decay?

detroit - obsolecense of automative industry

how many homes are abandoned in detroit?

80,000

what is urban renewal?

the redevelopment of areas within a large city

what is gentrification?

the process of renovating and improving a house or district so that it conforms to middle-class taste

what is the location example for urban renewal?

barangaroo

how much money was put into barangaroo redevelopment?

$6 billion