Vocab 3

Ap Lang, Bowles

Figurative Language

nonliteral language, sometimes referred to as tropes or metaphorical language, often evoking strong imagery and/or figures of speech to compare one thing to another either explicitly (simile) or implicitly (metaphor). Other forms of figurative language include personification, paradox, overstatement (hyperbole) understatement, metonymy, synecdoche and irony.

First-hand evidence

evidence based on something the writer KNOWS, whether its from personal experience, observations or general knowledge of events.

Focus

the point in an image to which the viewer’s eye is immediately drawn. This can also refer to the level of clarity in an image- elements in high focus are clear and distinct, while elements in low focus are blurred and indefinite.

foreground

the part of an image that is nearest to the viewer

framing

the presentation of visual elements in an image, especially the placement of the focal point of an image in relation to other visual aspects of that image.

hasty generalization

a fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence

Smoking isn’t bad for you; my great aunt smoked a pack a day and lived to be 90.

hortative sentence

sentence that exhorts urges, entreats, implores or calls to action

Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring these problems which divide us.

hyperbole

deliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or to produce a comic or ironic effect; an overstatement to make a point

I mumble thanks for the advice, feeling like I’ve just been stripped naked by the crazed enforcer of some ancient sumptuary law: No chatting for you, girl. No fancy service ethic allowed for the serfs.

Imagery

a description of how something looks, feels, tastes, smells, or sounds. Imagery may use literal or figurative language to appeal to the senses

Currer Bells book found acceptance nowhere, nor any acknowledgment of merit so that something like the chill of despair began to invade her heart.

Imperative sentence

sentence used to command or enjoin

My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.

Induction

from the Latin inducere, “ to lead into” _ is a logical process wherein you reason from particulars to universals using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization.

Regular exercise promotes weight loss.

Exercise lowers stress levels.

Exercise improves mood and outlook.

Generalization: exercise contributes to better health

Inversion

inverted order of words in a sentence (variation of subject-verb-object order)

United there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided there is little we can do.

Irony

a figure of speech that occurs when a speaker or character says one thing but means something else, or when what is said is the opposite of what’s expected, creating a noticeable incongruity

Juxtaposition

placement of two things closely together to emphasize similarities or differences.

The nations of Asia and Africa are moving at jet-like speed toward gaining political independence, but we still creep at horse-and-buggy pace toward gaining a cup of coffee at a lunch counter.

Logical fallacies

potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence to support it

line

a path traced by a moving point in an image, either real or implied. Lines convey a sense of borders direction and motion to the viewer

Logos

Greek for “embodied thought”. Speakers appeal to _ or reason by offering clear rational ideas and using specific details examples facts statistics or expert testimony to back them up

metaphor

figure of speech that compares two things WITHOUT using like or as

metonymy

figure of speech in which something is represented by another thing that is related to it or emblematic of it

The pen is mightier than the sword.

modifier

an adjective, adverb, phrase or clause that modifies a noun pronoun or verb. the purpose is usually to describe focus or qualify

Sprawling and dull in class, he comes alive in the halls and in the cafeteria

mood

the feeling or atmosphere created by a text

narration

the factual background information establishing why a subject or problem needs addressing; it precedes the confirmation, or laying out of evidence to support claims made in the argument

nominalization

the process of changing a verb into a noun

Discuss becomes discussion. Depend becomes dependence.

occasion

the time and place a speech is given or a piece is written

Open thesis

an open thesis is one that does not list all of the points the writer intends to cover in an essay