APUSH- Civil Rights Movement

A. Philip Randolph

labor and civil rights leaders in the 1940s who led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters; he demanded that FDR create a Fair Employment Commission to investigate job discrimination in war industries. FDR agreed only after he threatened a march on Washington by African Americans.

Double V

Campaign popularized by American Black Leaders during WW2 emphasizing the need for double victory: over Germany and Japan and also over racial prejudice in the US. Many blacks were fought in WW2 were disappointed that the America they returned to still hate racial tension

NAACP/CORE

NAACP- (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) created in 1909 by a group of liberals (including Du Bois, Jane Addams and John Dewey) to eradicate racial discrimination

CORE- (Congress of Racial Equality)- active during CR Movement, sponsored Freedom Rides in 1961

Jim Crow laws

Laws written to separate blacks and whites in public areas/meant African Americans had unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government

Emmett Till

killed for whistling and saying "bye baby" to a white woman

Jackie Robinson

broke the color barrier in the MLB for the Brooklyn Dodgers #42

Sweatt v. Painter (1950)

Segregated law school in Texas was held to be an illegal violation of civil rights, leading to open enrollment. The Court ruled that separate professional schools for blacks failed to meet the test of equality.

Rosa Parks

NAACP member who initiated the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955 when she was arrested for violating Jim Crow rules on a bus; her action and the long boycott that followed became an icon of the quest for civil rights and focused national attention on boycott leader Martin Luther King, Jr.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

1955- After Rosa Parks is arrested, MLK rallies the black community to do this. This seriously hurt the bus companies. This lasted more than a year, and ended in '56 when the SC declared segregated buses unconstitutional.

MLK and nonviolence

Was elected at the age of 26 to be the pastor to lead African Americans. He was to negotiate with city leaders for an end to segregation. He was a powerful speaker and had a Ph.D. in theology. He believed the only moral way to end segregation and racism was through nonviolent passive resistance. He drew upon philosophy's of Indian leader Mahatma Ghandi. He was one of the greatest leader in the Civil Rights movement.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

1954- Overturned plessy stance and declared "separate but equal" unconsitutional

Resistance/Little Rock Nine

Arkansas governor, Orval Faubus defied federal law and used Arkansas national guard to keep black students from entering Central High School Eisenhower sent in troops to protect the 9 kids- Little Rock, Arkansas

Civil Rights Act 1957

Established a Civil Rights Commission, but had little real effect and was mostly symbolic

SCLC

(Southern Christian Leadership Conference)- MLK and nearly 100 other black ministers form this organization in 1957 to encourage nonviolent protest to provoke segregationists and win support from moderate southern whites. Although it got more blacks to support the movement, it failed to spark controversy or get white sympathy

Sit-in movement - lunch counters

A form of protest in which people sit and refuse to leave until they were served

SNCC

(Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)-a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement

Freedom Riders/national reactions

Organized by CORE. A biracial group who rode interstate buses because they could. Met violent mobs and opposition. The mob violence and police inaction in Birmingham and Montgomery led to a response from the fed gov't.

Integration at "Ole Miss" James Meredith

Also known as the Battle of Oxford was fought between Southern segregationist civilians and federal and state forces beginning the night of September 30, 1962; segregationists were protesting the enrollment of James Meredith, a black US military veteran.

Clash in Birmingham

MLK moves the new center of protest to Birmingham. Black protests work this time: police attack protesters. Unexpectedly, black residents of Birmingham fight back against police and defend the activists. The violence prompts RFK and the justice dept to negotiate w/ city officials and the SCLC. SCLC agrees to end the protests, but only if more blacks are hired and the city enforces desegregation. Segregationists protest the agreement violently, forcing JFK to send fed troops to restore order.

Letter From a Birmingham Jail 1963

When MLK is in jail during the Birmingham protests, he writes this letter, which explains the civil rights movement to critics. The letter was published and circulated countrywide.

Kennedy- "a moral issue"

Strong supporter of the civil rights movement. However, most of Cong was Repub or Southern Dem, making it hard to pass civil rights bills. He did create the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity to help end racial discrimination in the U.S. gov't. He also asked his brother, Robert F. Kennedy, to support civil rights as much as possible

March on Washington "I Have a Dream" Aug 1963

200,000 people came to Washington, DC to protest civil rights - where Martin Luther King gave his 'I have a dream' speech

Bayard Rustin

an American civil rights activist and an important political figure as a behind-the-scenes organizer in the civil rights movement from the late 1930s through the 1960s. He was the main organizer of the 1963 march on Washington for jobs, civil rights and freedom when Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his "I Have A Dream" speech. He advised Martin Luther King, Jr. on the techniques of nonviolent resistance. He also advocated for gay rights.

4 girls killed in Birmingham church

1964- Bomb explodes in a Birmingham church. 4 young girls killed

Medgar Evers

Director of the NAACP in Mississippi and a lawyer who defended accused Blacks, he was murdered in his driveway by a member of the Ku Klux Klan.

Executive Order 10925

signed by President John F. Kennedy on March 6, 1961, required government contractors to "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin."It established the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity.

Civil Rights Act 1964

Banned racial discrimination in most private facilities open to the public

Freedom Summer

SNCC & CORE organize voter registration campaign in Miss. SNCC gets 1000 northern white college students to register voters & teach civics classes to blacks in Miss. Resulted in lots of violence from southern extremists, including bombings, beatings, shootings, & arrests. Campaign is big success: Tens of thousands of black voters registered & attention drawn to civil rights movement.

MLK Nobel Peace Prize 1964

On October 14, 1964. King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolence.

Malcolm X

An Islamic civil rights activist. At first rejected integration and nonviolence and called on blacks to defend themselves — with violence if necessary. After a series of scandals in the Nation of Islam, he left it and went to Mecca. He returned with a different attitude and started working for integration rather than against it. In 1965, he was assassinated by three Muslim gunmen, probably for his exit of the NoI.

Voting Rights Act 1965

Gave federal protection for blacks attempting to exercise their voting right

Watts race riots in LA

Over 50000 blacks in L.A. burn and loot, attacking lots of neighborhoods and people, including other minorities. It took 20000 National Guardsmen to calm the conflict.

Black Power

Militancy, self-reliance, independence, and nationalism w/in the ranks of the civil rights movement. Outlined in the book of the same title.

Stokley Carmichael

Leader of the SNCC. Co-authored Black Power and campaigned for the U.S. to split into a black country and a white country.

Black Panther Party

Huey Newton and Bobby Seale; Quasi-military organization donning leather jackets , black berets, and brandising guns

1967 more race riots

The Detroit riot was a violent public disorder that turned into a civil disturbance, It started with a police raid of an unlicensed bar. Police confrontations with patrons and observers evolved into one of the deadliest and most destructive riots, lasting five days and surpassing the violence and property of the previous Detroit race riot.

Selma to Montgomery March

MLK organizes a march in Selma. Tens of thousands of black protesters petition for the right to vote outside of the city hall and are ignored. They then marched to the gov'na's mansion in Montgomery. Police meet them with tear gas and clubs. "Bloody Sunday" is highly publicized and Americans in the North are shocked.

Thurgood Marshall

A main NAACP figure. Won a lot of Supreme Court cases that bolstered black rights. Would go on to become a Supreme Court justice in 1967.

Loving v. Virginia

Invalidated laws prohibiting interracial marriage. Supreme Court upheld the convictions and the Lovings appealed to the Supreme Court. Involved Mildred Jeter an African American woman and Richard Lovings a White man.

MLK assassinated

MLK is killed in 1968. His assassination inflames lots of riots around the country. The civil rights movement collapsed soon after due to feuds within its leading orgs and the loss of their greatest leader. Americans shifted their focus to the Vietnam War.

Civil Rights Act 1968

this law banned discrimination in housing, the segregation of education, transprotation, and employment, it helped African Americans gain their full voting rights.

affirmative action- changes

The Nixon administration formed their adapted definition of affirmative action and became the official policy of the U.S. government. The plan was defined as "racial goals and timetables, not quotas."