C3.2 Defense Against Disease

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List three major types of cause of disease.

C3.2.1 - Pathogens as the cause of infectious diseases.

Define pathogen.

C3.2.1 - Pathogens as the cause of infectious diseases.

List major pathogen types.

C3.2.1 - Pathogens as the cause of infectious diseases.

Define primary defense.

C3.2.2 - Skin and mucous membranes as a primary defense.

Outline the role of skin, sebaceous glands and mucous membranes in the defense against pathogens.

C3.2.2 - Skin and mucous membranes as a primary defense.

State two benefits of blood clotting when skin is cut.

C3.2.3 - Sealing of cuts in skin by blood clotting.

Outline two roles of platelets in the blood clotting cascade..

C3.2.3 - Sealing of cuts in skin by blood clotting.

Describe the blood clotting cascade, including the role of platelets, clotting factors, prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen and fibrin.

C3.2.3 - Sealing of cuts in skin by blood clotting.

Distinguish between innate and adaptive immunity, including the types of cells and timing of response to infection.

C3.2.4 - Differences between the innate immune system and adaptive immune system.

Outline the function of phagocytic white blood cells in defense against pathogens.

C3.2.5 - Infection control by phagocytes.

Describe the process by which macrophage destroys a pathogen.

C3.2.5 - Infection control by phagocytes.

Outline the structure and function of lymphocyte cells.

C3.2.6 - Lymphocytes as cells in the adaptive immune system that cooperate to produce antibodies.

State the location of lymohocytes in the body.

C3.2.6 - Lymphocytes as cells in the adaptive immune system that cooperate to produce antibodies.

Define specific in relation to an immune response.

C3.2.6 - Lymphocytes as cells in the adaptive immune system that cooperate to produce antibodies.

Define antibody.

C3.2.6 - Lymphocytes as cells in the adaptive immune system that cooperate to produce antibodies.

Outline the role of lymphocytes in producing antibodies to a specific pathogen.

C3.2.6 - Lymphocytes as cells in the adaptive immune system that cooperate to produce antibodies.

Define antigen.

C3.2.7 - Antigens as recognition molecules that trigger antibody production.

Describe the structure of antigens.

C3.2.7 - Antigens as recognition molecules that trigger antibody production.

Describe the cause and consequence of an antibody binding to an antigen.

C3.2.7 - Antigens as recognition molecules that trigger antibody production.

Outline the difference between the ABO blood antigens.

C3.2.7 - Antigens as recognition molecules that trigger antibody production.

State the four human ABO blood types.

C3.2.7 - Antigens as recognition molecules that trigger antibody production.

Describe the consequence of mismatched blood transfusions, including agglutination and hemolysis.

C3.2.7 - Antigens as recognition molecules that trigger antibody production.

Describe activation of helper T lymphocytes by a macrophage cell.

C3.2.8 - Activation of B lymphocytes by helper T lymphocytes.

Outline the role of the helper T lymphocytes in the activation of B lymphocytes.

C3.2.8 - Activation of B lymphocytes by helper T lymphocytes.

State that B cells secrete antibodies only when they have been activated by a helper T cell.

C3.2.8 - Activation of B lymphocytes by helper T lymphocytes.

Describe clonal selection of plasma B cells.

C3.2.9 - Multiplication of activated B lymphocytes to form clones of antibody-secreting plasma cells.

State that plasma B cells produce antibodies only after they have grown and differentiated for protein synthesis.

C3.2.9 - Multiplication of activated B lymphocytes to form clones of antibody-secreting plasma cells.

Define immunity.

C3.2.10 - Immunity as a consequence of retaining memory cells.

Outline the role of memory B cells in maintaining immunity.

C3.2.10 - Immunity as a consequence of retaining memory cells.

Compare the primary and secondary immune responses to a specific pathogen in regards to magnitude, speed and duration.

C3.2.10 - Immunity as a consequence of retaining memory cells.

List mechanisms of HIV transmission.

C3.2.11 - Transmission of HIV in body fluids.

Describe the consequences of HIV on the immune system.

C3.2.12 - Infection of lymphocytes by HIV with AIDS as a consequence.

Outline the relationship between HIV and AIDS.

C3.2.12 - Infection of lymphocytes by HIV with AIDS as a consequence.

Outline the natural function of antibiotics when secreted from saprotrophic fungi.

C3.2.13 - Antibiotics as chemicals that block processes occuring in bacteria but not in eukaryotic cells.

Outline the function of antibiotics when used in medical treatment.

C3.2.13 - Antibiotics as chemicals that block processes occuring in bacteria but not in eukaryotic cells.

State why antibiotics fail to control viral infections.

C3.2.13 - Antibiotics as chemicals that block processes occuring in bacteria but not in eukaryotic cells.

Describe how natural selection leads to development od antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

C3.2.14 - Evolution of resistance to several antibiotics in strains of pathogenic bacteria.

Disuss the medical cause and consequences of evolution of antibiotic resistance.

C3.2.14 - Evolution of resistance to several antibiotics in strains of pathogenic bacteria.

Outline the major routes of pathogen transmission.

C3.2.15 - Zoonoses as infectious diseases that can transfer from other species to humans.

Outline the reason why most infectious agents are species specific.

C3.2.15 - Zoonoses as infectious diseases that can transfer from other species to humans.

Define zoonosis.

C3.2.15 - Zoonoses as infectious diseases that can transfer from other species to humans.

List an example of zoonotic pathogen.

C3.2.15 - Zoonoses as infectious diseases that can transfer from other species to humans.

List two reasons that will lead to an increase in appearance of zoonotic diseases in humans.

C3.2.15 - Zoonoses as infectious diseases that can transfer from other species to humans.

Define immunization.

C3.2.16 - Vaccines and immunization.

Outline the different classes of vaccine active ingredients.

C3.2.16 - Vaccines and immunization.

Explain the principle of vaccination, with reference to the primary and secondary immune response.

C3.2.16 - Vaccines and immunization.

Define herd immunity.

C3.2.17 - Herd immunity and the prevention of epidemics.

Explain how herd immunity limits the potential of disease transmission.

C3.2.17 - Herd immunity and the prevention of epidemics.

Define Ro (pronouced R-nought).

C3.2.17 - Herd immunity and the prevention of epidemics.

Given an Ro value, estimate the percentage of people in a population who must be immune to reach herd immunity.

C3.2.17 - Herd immunity and the prevention of epidemics.

State how to express one number as a percentage of a second number.

C3.2.18 - Evaluation of data related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

State how to calculate percentage change.

C3.2.18 - Evaluation of data related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

State how to calculate percentage difference.

C3.2.18 - Evaluation of data related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Evaluate data related to the COVID-19 pandemic using percentage change and percentage difference.

C3.2.18 - Evaluation of data related to the COVID-19 pandemic.