2.1.1 Scientific Research

Experimental Study

study(s) that involve controls and the manipulation of variables

Observational Study

study(s) that involve looking at individuals or measurements of certain outcomes

Observational Study

• no attempt is made to affect the outcome of this study

First Step in a Study is to

define research question

Second Step in a Study is to

determine which type of research design will provide the mosy accurate answer

Experimental Study

this type of study(s) is conducted in controlled conditions minimizing bias, obtaning vaild, reliable results.

Observational Study

this type of study(s) considered less invasive bv doesn’t require change in enviorment

Experimental Study

in this study(s) all variable measurements/manipulations under researcher control

Experimental Study

this study(s) cosidered “gold standard” of research methodology

Observational Study

this study(s) used when studying association between risk factor and a disease

Observational Study

this study(s) include many variables thata re not under researcher control

Observational Study

this study(s) is not considered as effective in answering research questions

Experimental Study

tests for a causal relationship

Observational Study

tests for a correlational relationship

Correlation does not mean causation. Just bc two variables are related does not mean one variables causes the other

true

The only way to determine causation is to conduct an observational study

Observational Study

this study(s) is the only option where the variable being tested is harmful

Types of observational Study

cohort & cross-sectional

Cohort Study

in this type of study, compares a particular outcome in groups of individuals are alike but differ by the variable studied

Types of cohort studies

prospective and retrospective

Prospective Cohort study

outcomes have not yet occured as study begins

Retrospective Cohort study

outcomes have already occured as study begins

Retrospective Cohort Study

in this type if cohort study researchers may have to review old medical records

Prospective Cohort study

in this type of cohort study, researchers follow subjects over time to observe who develops the disease

Cross-Sectional Study

in this type of study, multiple observations may be used to determine how variables affect each other at the same period/time

Reliable

a study in which another researcher can preform exactly the same experiment and generate results with the same stats

Valid

a study in which the results accurately describe the real world

Validity

minimize or eliminate errors, biases in data collection

controlled study

one group recieves treatment and one does not

Randomized Study

control group and treatment group chosen by chance

Blinded Study

eliminates bias that participants/investigators have introduced by having knowledge of treatment vs conrol groups

Triple Blind

Neither researcher nor partcipant nor response gather know who is in conrol vs treatment groups

Single Blind

identifies the placebo effect

Double Blind

neither reseacher nor participant know who is in control vs treatment group

confounding

a variable that was not accounted for but may affect the results