ANAPHY Muscular & Integumentary System - 50 Flashcards (QA Style)

50-question Q&A flashcards covering the Muscular and Integumentary systems based on lecture notes.

What are the three muscle tissue types?

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac / muscles.

What is the main role of the muscular system?

Movement; maintenance of posture and muscle tone; heat production; protection of bones and internal organs.

How do muscles move bones?

By pulling, not pushing.

What are synergists in muscle movement?

Muscles that cooperate to produce movement; the muscles responsible for the movement are synergists; the prime mover does most of the work.

What is the prime mover (agonist)?

The muscle most responsible for a movement.

What are antagonists?

Muscles that oppose the action of the prime mover and usually work in pairs.

Give an example of antagonists for arm movement.

Biceps brachii (flexes the arm) and triceps brachii (extends the arm).

What does the term levator mean in anatomy?

A muscle that raises or elevates a body part.

What maintains posture and muscle tone?

Tonic contractions in skeletal muscles that hold the body in position.

What is the role of muscle contraction in heat production?

It produces most of the heat required to maintain body temperature.

Name the involuntary muscle types.

Smooth and cardiac muscles are involuntary; skeletal muscle is voluntary.

Which muscle type is found only in the heart?

Cardiac muscle.

What are the three muscle fiber types?

Type I (slow-twitch), Type IIa (fast-twitch oxidative), and Type IIx (fast-twitch glycolytic).

Describe Type I (slow-twitch) fibers.

Red muscle that produces a small amount of force, contracts slowly, and resists fatigue well.

Describe Type IIa (oxidative) fibers.

Pink muscle that produces a medium amount of force, contracts quickly, and has medium fatigue resistance.

Describe Type IIx (glycolytic) fibers.

White muscle that produces a large amount of force, contracts very quickly, but fatigues quickly.

What is the function of the deltoid?

Abduction of the shoulder (moving the arm out and away from the body).

What is the function of the pectoralis major?

Adduction of the shoulder and shoulder horizontal flexion (moving the arm forwards).

What is the function of the biceps?

Flexes the elbow (bending the arm).

What is the function of the external obliques?

Trunk rotation (twisting the body).

What is the function of the hip flexors?

Hip flexion (moving the thigh upward toward the chest).

What is the function of the quadriceps?

Extends the knee (straightens the leg).

What is the function of the tibialis anterior?

Dorsiflexion of the ankle (toes up toward the shin).

What is the function of the triceps?

Extends the elbow (straightens the arm).

What is the function of the latissimus dorsi?

Shoulder adduction (moving the arm toward the body).

What is the function of the gluteus maximus?

Hip extension (moving the leg backwards).

What is the function of the hamstrings?

Flex the knee (bend the leg).

What is the function of the gastrocnemius?

Plantar flexion of the ankle (pointing toes downward).

What are the main types of muscle contraction?

Isotonic contractions (concentric and eccentric) and isometric contractions.

What describes antagonistic pairs?

One muscle contracts (agonist) while the other relaxes (antagonist).

What is an extensor?

A muscle that increases the angle at a joint.

What is a flexor?

A muscle that decreases the angle at a joint.

What is an abductor?

Moves a limb away from the midline.

What is an adductor?

Moves a limb toward the midline.

What does the term levator refer to in anatomy?

A muscle that lifts or elevates a structure.

Levator anguli oris function?

Elevates the angle of the mouth (smiling).

Levator ani function?

Supports pelvic organs; maintains continence; important during childbirth.

Levatores costarum function?

Elevate the ribs during inspiration.

Levator labii superioris function?

Elevates the upper lip.

Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi function?

Elevates the upper lip and flares the nostrils.

Levator palpebrae superioris function?

Raises the upper eyelid.

Levator prostatae function?

Supports the prostate; maintains pelvic floor; contributes to urinary continence; aids ejaculation and bladder control.

Levator scapulae function?

Elevates the scapula (shoulder blade).

Levator veli palatini function?

Elevates the soft palate during swallowing and yawning; helps prevent food from entering the nasopharynx.

What are size-related muscle terms?

Examples include vastus (huge), maximus (large), longus (long), minimus (small), brevis (short).

What shape does the term deltoid indicate?

Triangular.

What does latissimus mean in terms of shape?

Wide.

What does rectus indicate about muscle fiber direction?

Straight.

What provides the nearly waterproof barrier in the epidermis?

Glycolipids in the extracellular spaces of the epidermis.

Which epidermal cells are key to immune defense and can phagocytose bacteria?

Langerhans cells.