holistic nutrition

Macronutrients

These supply energy and build tissue.

Carbohydrates

The primary energy source, providing 4 calories per gram. They should make up 45%-65% of an adult's total calories.

Proteins

Vital for every living cell, they form body structures like genes, enzymes, bone, and skin. They provide 4 calories per gram and are classified as complete (animal sources, soy, quinoa) or incomplete (most plant proteins).

Lipids

The most concentrated energy source at 9 calories per gram. They aid in absorbing fat-soluble vitamins and provide insulation and structure.

Micronutrients

These regulate and control body processes.

Vitamins

Classified as fat-soluble (A, D, E, K), which the body stores, or water-soluble (C and B-complex), which are generally not stored.

BMR Variations

Basal Metabolic Rate (the energy required for involuntary body activities) increases during periods of growth, infection, and fever. Conversely, it decreases with aging, prolonged fasting, and sleep.

Clinical Data

Looking for signs of good vs. poor nutrition in the hair, eyes, tongue, and muscles.

Enteral Nutrition

Delivering nutrients directly to the stomach or small intestine via tubes (e.g., Nasogastric/NG tube or long-term gastrostomy tubes). This requires a functioning GI system.

Parenteral Nutrition (PN)

Providing nutritional support intravenously for patients who cannot meet goals through the GI tract, allowing the bowels to rest and heal.