HDFS

"Sometimes I am helpful like Big Bird, but sometimes I am a grouch, just like Oscar on Sesame Street," explained Olivia. Assuming Olivia learned these behaviors by observing Big Bird and Oscar, you can say that her learning reflects

social cognitive theory

A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its association with positive or negative consequences, is known as

operant conditioning

A hypothesis is a prediction stated in a way that permits testing.

T

A major criticism of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that cognitive development is more discontinuous than his theory noted.

F

A mother takes her child to the beach on a hot summer day, where she buys her an ice cream cone from a vendor. That evening the child has an upset stomach. The mother says that every time the child eats ice cream she gets a stomachache. The mother needs to be reminded that

correlation does not prove causation

A researcher finding a correlation above 1.00 can then infer causation

F

A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response is called

classical conditioning

According to Erikson, ___________ development encompasses changes in the understanding individuals have of their interactions with others, of others' behavior, and of themselves as members of society

psychosocial

According to Freud, everyone's personality has which three aspects?

id, ego, superego

Amy is in a group of participants who were chosen for an experiment; the group she is in would be considered a(n)

sample

Applied research is meant to provide practical solutions to immediate

problems

Approaches to the study of cognitive development that focus on how brain processes are related to cognitive activity are called

cognitive neuroscience approaches

Behavior modification is a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones

T

In order to test the validity of a theory, developmental researchers must

test it scientifically

In a positive correlation, as one variable increases the other variable

increases

In a negative correlation, as one variable increases the other variable

decreases

Hiep explains that the grass is green because all of the pictures have green grass, while his much older brother explains that the amount of light absorbed by the blades of grass determines their color. A researcher interested in the thinking processes in these two answers is most likely demonstrating the

cognitive perspective

Four-month-old Annabelle takes her mother's keys and puts them into her mouth, much as she does her pacifier. Annabelle's treatment of the keys demonstrates which concept of Piaget's theory?

assimilation

Dr. Salahma conducts a study on teenagers and product preference. In his study, he begins with a diverse sample of 13-19 year olds. However, after the first few trials of the experiment many of the 15 year old males in the experiment stop responding to the questions and choose to not participate in a follow up session. Dr. Salahma needs to be concerned about

selective dropout

Correlational studies use which of the following to investigate whether certain characteristics of interest are associated with other characteristics?

survey research

A complication resulting from a restriction of oxygen at birth is a(n)

INCREASE in blood pressure that leads to brain bleeding

A doctor examines a newborn at birth employing the Apgar scale. Therefore, the doctor is looking at the newborn's capacity for bonding.

False

A stage of sleep associated with dreaming, this stage of active sleep includes a movement of the closed eyes back and forth and is known as

REM sleep

Aaron loved to tease his best friend Sam. Aaron would say, "I bet I can make you blink at the sound of your name." When Aaron clapped his hands, Sam would blink. But now, Aaron clapped his hands just before calling out "Sam!" Eventually, Sam discovered that whenever anyone called his name loudly he would blink. This illustrates

classical conditioning

Alexander's mother tied his foot to a piece of ribbon and tied the other end of the ribbon to his mobile. Alexander quickly learned that by tugging on the ribbon he could make the mobile move. This soon became a favorite pastime for him. This illustrates

operant conditioning

An example of a fine motor skill is

drawing

An example of a gross motor skill is

crawling

At the first birthday, you should expect that an infant's birthweight has ___________.

tripled

At birth, the average baby weighs approximately ___________ pounds.

7

At birth, the average baby length is approximately ___________ inches.

20

At birth, Jack automatically begins to turn his head toward the direction of a source of stimulation. This is an example of a reflex.

True

At 6 months, Elena is able to sit up and has strong upper body strength, but she cannot yet walk. This illustrates the cephalocaudal principle.

True

As a baby, Anu learned that whenever she fussed her mother would come running to comfort her. Thus, whenever Anu was distressed, she would fuss for her mother. This illustrates

 

operant conditioning.

Chances of a fetus's survival greatly improve after ___________.

28 to 32 weeks

Death within the first year of life is called

infant mortality

Dynamic systems theory proposes that crawling is a result of

 

coordination among muscles, perception, cognition, and motivation.

Eight-month-old Landon loves to hear himself talk. He babbles "ma ma ma ma" over and over. Soon he found that whenever he made the sounds "ma ma ma," his mother would come and give him lots of positive attention. Landon soon began to associate the sounds "ma ma ma" with his mother and would say the sounds whenever he wanted her. This illustrates

operant conditioning

How early does the American Academy of Pediatrics indicate that babies can begin to start eating some solid foods?

6 months

In addition to growth in dendrites, the axons of neurons become coated with ___________, a fatty substance that, like the insulation on an electric wire, provides protection and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses.

myelin

Neurons communicate by sending chemical messengers, ___________, that travel across the small gaps known as ___________, between neurons.

neurotransmitters; synapses

A ___________ is an internal image of a past event or object.

mental representation

A process in which infants' behaviors invite further responses from parents and other caregivers, which in turn bring about further responses from the infants, is called

reciprocal socialization.

A style of attachment in which children display a combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers, show great distress when the mother leaves, and upon her return possibly simultaneously seek close contact but also hit and kick her is called

ambivalent attachment pattern.

A style of attachment in which children do not seek proximity to the mother, and after the mother has left, they seem to avoid her when she returns as if they are angered by her behavior is called

avoidant attachment pattern.

A style of attachment in which children use the mother as a kind of home base and are at ease when she is present, then when she leaves, they become upset and go to her as soon as she returns is called

secure attachment pattern.

A style of language use in which language is used primarily to label objects is called

referential style.

A two-month-old infant is babbling and cooing as her mother responds by repeating the same sounds. This parent and child are engaged in prelinguistic communication.

TRUE

A type of speech directed toward infants, characterized by short, simple sentences, is called

infant-directed speech.

According to Bowlby, when 1-year-old Hannah becomes upset, she will prefer to be comforted by

her mother.

According to Erikson, toddlers who are allowed the freedom to explore within safe boundaries develop a feeling of

autonomy

According to Erikson, when parents positively meet the needs of their infants in a timely and loving manner, the infant will develop a sense of

trust

According to Konrad Lorenz, who studied imprinting in geese, attachment is based on ___________ factors.

biological

According to Piaget, ___________ is an activity that permits the constructions of cognitive schemes through the repetition of a changed motor event.

circular reaction

According to Piaget, ___________ is the process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking.

assimilation

Babies who have a positive disposition, whose body functions operate regularly, and who are adaptable are called

easy babies

Babies who have negative moods and are slow to adapt to new situations tend to withdraw when confronted with a new situation. They are called

difficult babies

An infant picks up a rattle and shakes it. This is an example of a physical scheme.

TRUE

As 2-year-old Brianna passes a mirror she notices that she has a milk moustache and quickly uses her sleeve to wipe it off. It is clear that Brianna knows that it is herself in the mirror. This knowledge of oneself is called

self-awareness

Behavior that takes place during a critical period and involves attachment to the first moving object that is observed is called

imprinting

Crystal has negative moods and is slow to adapt to new situations. When confronted with a new situation, she tends to withdraw. Crystal is a(n) ___________ baby.

difficult

"Be careful!" Sam whispered to herself as she crossed the small footbridge. Sam was engaged in ___________ speech, speech spoken and directed to herself.

private

5-year-old Bert continuously is asking his mother "Why?" and also acts as if he is an expert on particular topics. Bert is displaying intuitive thought.

true

A preschooler, who is able to understand the mental symbol of the word apple, is capable of symbolic function.

true

According to Piaget, a key aspect of preoperational thought is ___________, the ability to use a mental symbol, a word, or an object to stand for or represent something that is not physically present.

symbolic function

According to Piaget, the preoperational stage lasts from ages ___________ during which children's use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases.

2 to 7

According to Vygotsky, private speech

guides behavior and thought.

According to Vygotsky, the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, comprehend or perform a task on her or his own is known as the

 

zone of proximal development.

According to your text, the major characteristics of high quality day-care are

 the language environment is rich, with a great deal of conversation.

By the end of the preoperational stage, preschoolers begin to understand the notion of ___________, the idea that actions, events, and outcomes are related to one another in fixed patterns.

functionality

Centration is the process of focusing on multiple aspects of a stimulus.

False

Research has shown that high quality child-care programs offer many benefits; when considering academic readiness, they are particularly beneficial for children that

 

are from low income families.

Most 4-year-olds respond that there is more milk in the tall, thin glass than there was in the short, broad one. In fact, if the milk is poured back into the shorter glass, they are quick to say that there is now less milk than there was in the taller glass. This is an example of

conservation

Angel understands the difference between rows of two and three toy animals, regardless of the animals' spacing. This suggests that Angel knows how to count. Further, contrary to Piaget, Angell knows about

conservation

Two-year-old Rufus does a great imitation of a train engineer. Rufus plays for hours with his toy train set. Rufus's train sounds are so realistic that sometimes his parents think that there is a real train going by their house. According to Piaget, Rufus's ability to use a toy train set to represent a real train illustrates that he is capable of

symbolic function

___________ is speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person.

social speech

Six-year-old Roman is an expert bike rider. He loves to share his expertise with anyone who will listen to him. Roman's favorite line is "If you wanna go really, really, really speedy fast, you hafta push real hard on the pedals." Roman's understanding that the pedals on the bicycle in some way control the speed of the bicycle illustrates

intuitive thought

Three-year-old Arya handed his mother three bananas. She asked him if he would like to eat a banana. His response was, "Yes, I want to make it two." Contrary to Piaget, Arya seems to have a clear understanding of

numbers operations

Four-year-old Stella was excitedly telling her best friend Gabi about her visit to the dentist. In the middle of the conversation, Gabi piped out with, "You know what, I'm going to have face painting at my birthday party." Gabi's comment is an example of

egocentrism

According to Vygotsky, the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth is known as

scaffolding

A child who figures out that turning a switch on will make the fan move is demonstrating

functionality

A chronic condition characterized by periodic attacks of wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath is called

Asthma

A decline in appetite during the preschool years

 indicates that children's growth rate has slowed.

A substantial disruption in the rhythm and fluency of speech is the most common speech impairment and is called

Stuttering

According to your textbook, the most frequent major illness to strike preschoolers is

Cancer

Adoptive children tend to have weights that are more similar to their birth parents than to those of their adoptive parents. This illustrates the genetic predisposition to weight problems.

True

Advances in gross motor skills are related to brain development and the ___________ of neurons in areas of the brain related to balance and coordination.

myelination

Advances in cognitive development and the rapid increase in the weight of the brain may both result, in part, from greater ___________.

myelination

An educational approach in which exceptional children are integrated to the extent possible into the traditional educational system and provided with a broad range of educational alternatives is known as

mainstreaming

Art teaches children which of the following, according to your text?

restraint

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder-(ADHD)-is marked by

 inattention, impulsiveness, and a low tolerance for frustration.

Each of the two hemispheres also begins to process information in a slightly different manner. Whereas the ___________ hemisphere considers information sequentially, one piece of data at a time, the ___________ hemisphere processes information in a more global manner, reflecting on it as a whole.

left; right

Dyslexia is characterized by difficulty with

reading

During middle childhood, physical growth continues at a slow and steady pace.

True

Dani and his father went to an art museum. When they got back, Dani told his mother about his favorite picture. Dani described in detail every single aspect of the picture. He gave so many details that his mother could not begin to guess what the picture was. Dani's descriptive style is the result of young children

 being unable to focus on overall organization and instead seeing only parts.

Christopher and Cristina are fraternal twins. According to your text, which twin is more prone to physical injuries?

 Christopher is more injury-prone because males tend to be more physically active than females.

Children who had received more nutrients

 showed more positive emotion.

Children 6 and 7 years old are able to tie their shoes and fasten buttons; by age 8, they can use each hand independently; and by ages 11 and 12, they can manipulate objects with almost as much dexterity as they will have in adulthood. These are examples of ___________ motor skills.

fine

Child abuse is defined as the physical or psychological maltreatment or neglect of children.

True

Eight-year-old Marco spends much of his day at his desk at school. During his two 15-minute recess breaks, Marco exchanges baseball cards with his friends. At home, he prefers sedentary activities like playing computer games and watching television over riding his bike or swimming. His parents allow him to eat high calorie fat-laden foods because they say he refuses to eat anything else and they do not want him to go hungry. Marco's lifestyle puts him at risk for

obesity

A form of education in which the goal is to help students from minority cultures develop competence in the culture of the majority while maintaining positive group identities that build on their original cultures is called

NOT ESL