Art History test 3

four social or political events during Realism

- The industrial revolution in England transformed world from an agricultural to an industrial base

- Karl Marx and Frederick Engels published the communist manifesto which called upon the working class to see his power from the capitalist class and organize society in the interest of the majority.

- There was an emergence of African-American woman artist through the Paris salon

- Handmade crafts are replaced by manufactured goods and artist guilds are no longer important

Describe four scientific or technological inventions during Realism.

- Telegraph

- Telephone

- First passenger railroad powered by steam engine

- First suspension bridges made of steel cable

Explain the emergence of African American and women artists during Realism.

Woman artist and African-Americans are permitted to exhibit at the Paris salon, the only way to be accepted into the art community and be taken seriously as an artist. The Paris salon was a prestigious annual art exhibition in Paris, which was juried by artist trained at the Beaux art school in Paris. The beaux art school was a very traditional art school, which supported classical and historical styles of painting, rather contemporary, and modern approaches to painting and sculpture.

Describe six realist formal qualities of Millet's "The Gleaners."

- Plastic sections made by use of light and dark

- Oneness with nature

- Exaggerated line quality

- A symmetry of composition

- Emotionally expressive color

- Showing off the reality of life

How does Millet portray the peasants in relation to realist themes?

This painting shows hard physical labor of poor as opposed to comfortable lifestyle of wealthy, with a sense of oneness with nature. Gleaning is back breaking work and shows the realistic life of the peasants.

Relate the symbolism of Daumier's "Third Class Carriage" to the social and political themes found in Realism.

The symbolism comes with the people as it is showed to be a crowded carriage with scenes as vignettes with dark sketchy flat outlines and textured surfaces, showing the hardships that the peasants are facing when compared to first class.

Describe the biblical symbolism of Tanner's "Annunciation."

Tanner's annunciation focuses on Mary and the angel Gabriel. The angel Gabriel is shown as a light instead of a traditional angel in Mary is shown as a peasant in rough clothing and not beautiful and elegant. This painting represents typical realism themes, and shows the more realistic aspect of the Bible.

Describe the subject matter and symbolism of Manet's "Olympia."

The subject matter of Olympia is a woman laying on a bed with maids in the background and the animal also on the bed, she is completely unclothed and is staring at the viewer.

Why is Manet's "Olympia" considered "avant-garde?"

This painting is heavily inspired based off of the other Venus paintings where the woman are typically in a seductive pose and often shown asleep. However, the difference with this painting, and the reason it is considered avant guard is because it is a well known woman who is looking at the viewer in a confrontational way this painting also caused a huge scandal.

Describe the formal qualities of Roeblings' Brooklyn Bridge. Explain how steel was used in this bridge construction.

Steel was used to make the cables for the bridge.

Explain why the gothic pointed arch was used and what "gothic revival" means.

The gothic pointed arch was used because Roebling wanted to incorporate gothic revival. Gothic revival means bringing back the old styles into modern work

Describe how Sullivan used Greek and Roman architecture in the Wainwright Building as well as how he used the new steel frame structure.

- Nine story office building made from steel frame, which is hidden by the breakfast façade

- One of the finest examples of early high-rise building

- Classical vertical Pallister that disguise rectangular block structure

- First floors are the base, floor is a pillow become the body of the building and the top floor house is the elevator shaft and the mechanics as the capital

- Geometric, floral patterns on capital

What was the Paris Salon and why was it so important during this time period?

The Paris salon was a prestigious, annual art exhibition in Paris, which was jury by artist trained at the art school in Paris. The view art school was a very traditional art school, which supported classical and historical styles of painting rather than contemporary and modern approaches to painting and sculpture.

Define the term "avant-garde."

This term is used to describe innovators or changemakers that make art and non-traditional ways. Avant guard artist look back to historical styles and comment or interpret these in new ways. Artist no longer feel that they have to create photographic likeness of reality and instead stride to create new art forms.

Describe four themes found in Romanticism.

- Idealization of nature

- Dramatic action and movement

- Nostalgia

- Politics/political action

Describe the subject matter and symbolism of Gericault's "Raft of the Medusa" in detail.

- In 1816 the French ship Medusa hit a reef off the west African coast; captain and senior officers boarded 6 life boats, saving themselves, leaving almost 150 passengers to float on a wooden raft, which was cut loose; raft floated for 13 days leading to death, cannibalism, disease, insanity, and mutiny for passengers

- Became national scandal; French government tried to conceal this event because of the captains actions

- 15 survivors; Gericault spoke w/ made studies from dead/dying in morgues/hospitals before creating finished painting

- Victims fighting against the forces of nature

- There is lots of tenebrism and asymmetrical compositions to show the panic and action of this disaster.

Describe six formal qualities of Delacroix's "Massacre at Chios" in detail.

- Loose expressive brushwood, especially in the distance

- Evokes viewer sympathy for Greece; shows suffering/death of Greeks at hymns of Turks

- Reflects romantic interest and distant places

- Shows lots of action happening: two Turks - one on rearing horse, one holding gun with destruction and distance

- Reflects political themes: depicts the Greek emancipation from Turkey, 1821-1830

- Note traditional clothing of both Greeks and Turks, shows national identity

Relate the symbolism of Goya's "Chronos Devouring One of His Children," to the themes found in the Romantic period.

There is symbolism in man's bestial nature through the horror of the scene which strongly relates to a humanist message

Relate the symbolism of Friedrich's, "Two Men Contemplating the Moon," to the themes found in the Romantic period.

The men are depicted wearing medieval clothing, and there is a sterm and drang style, which shows moodiness of nature and that nature has its own feelings, connecting it to the theme of long ago and far away.

Compare and contrast the emotionalism in Turner's, "The Fighting Temeraire," to Cole's, "The Oxbow."

Both of these paintings show a change in time in a new era coming about. They also show a sense of nostalgia with the old versus the new.

However, the oxbow focuses on nature and the difference between wilderness and a cultivated civilization with the new civilization, being bright and cheery, while the old wilderness still has the storm over top, giving a sad feeling. The fighting Temeraire focus focuses on an old boat that is being taken in to be torn apart and replaced with a new better version, but the boat is depicted in a golden light and has a sense of nostalgia in a happier way.

Explain Rousseau's political philosophy.

He brings forth the idea that humanity is born to live in harmony with nature, but that humans have been corrupted by civilization and progress. He supports the idea that people should rule themselves.

Define the "Hudson River School."

The Hudson River school is a group of American painters on the East Coast, which formed during the romantic period. They painted outside in the open air to experience the effects of light directly in nature, rather than for memory in their studios. Thomas Cole was a member of this group of painters.

Define the term "tenebrism."

Tenebrism is the spotlight effect; many parts of the painting are in shadow while a few are brightly lit.

Who made raft of the medusa?

Geriacult

Who made massacre at chios?

Delacroix

Who made Chronos devoruing one of his children?

Goya

Who made two men contemplating the moon

Friedrich

Who made the fighting temeraire

Turner

Who made the oxbow

cole

Who made the gelaners

millet

who made horse fair

bonheur

who made third-class carriage

daumier

who made olympia

manet

who made brooklyn bridge

roebling

who made wainwright building

sullivan