zoology final

Who was Jean Lamarck and what did he do?

Biologist/Zoologist, 1st to propose evolution, developed levels of animal classification, theory of inheritance evolution

Who were Lyell and Hutton and what did they propose?

theory of uniformitarianism

What did Darwin observe on the Galapagos Islands?

finches that varied from island to island, which helped him to develop his theory of natural selection

What is biogeography?

Study of the geographic distribution of plants and animals, Alfred Russel Wallace

What was Darwin's most important publication?

Origin of the Species

What are fossils?

the remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock

Pelvic bones in whales represent what?

vestigial structures

Taxonomic Ranks In Order

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

What is a taxon?

a taxonomic group of any rank, such as a species, family, or class. Any grouping of animals that share a set of characteristics

How do we designate species correctly?

nomenclature. Genus - capitaliszed. species epithet is lowercase, entire name is italicized

What is cephalization?

the concentration of sense organs, nervous control, etc., at the anterior end of the body, forming a head and brain, both during evolution and in the course of an embryo's development

What is a diploblast and what tissues are found in one?

2 layered organism, ectoderm, endoderm

What is a triploblast and what tissues are found in one?

3 layered organism, ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

What domain has compartmentalized cells?

Eukarya

What determines class in sponges?

folding/canal system

What is the opening to the spongocoel called?

osculum

Leucon

most common, most complex, folded folds

Sycon

simple infolding

Ascon

simplest

What are gemmules and what do they do?

internal buds found in sponges and are involved in asexual reproduction

What are the differences between polyp and medusa body forms and how does that determine habitat?

Polyp: sessile and asexual

Medusa: Free swimming, and dioecious

What is the skeletal structure of Cnidarians?

hydrostatic

What are zooxanthellae?

algae that live in cnidarians. aid in building coral reefs.

Where are Chemoreceptors of turbellarians found?

auricles

What are ocelli?

eye or eyespot. receptor cells with a single lens.

What are the repeated units of tapeworms called?

proglottids

Do tapeworms have a digestive system? If not how do they eat?

no, absorb nutrients directly across their skin (cuticle). no mouth or digestive tract.

What does gravid mean?

pregnant

To what class do free-living flatworms belong?

Turbellaria

What do flame cells in flatworms do?

specialized excretory cell found in the simplest freshwater invertebrates.

What are the two "main regions" of a mollusk?

visceral mass, head-foot

What secretes the shell in molluscs?

mantle

What is a mantle cavity?

formed by the mantle skirt, a double fold of mantle which encloses a water space

What is a radula?

rasplike structure of tiny teeth used for scraping food particles off a surface and drawing them into the mouth

What is torsion?

the spontaneous twisting of the visceral hump through 180° during larval development

Who belongs to the class Gastropoda?

snails, slugs, limpets

What type of circulatory system do molluscs have?

open

What is the oldest part of a bivalve shell?

beak/umbo

Do bivalves have a head?

no

What are adductor muscles?

opens and closes shell

Do bivalves have gills?

yes, lamellae, ciliated covered gills.

To what class do squids, octopuses, cuttlefishes and nautili belong?

cephalopoda

Is vertebrate and cephalopod eye a case of convergent evolution?

yes

What is a hectocotylus arm in cephalopods?

arms of male cephalopods that is specialized to store and transfer spermatophores to the female

Cephalopods have a_______________ circulatory system.

closed

What is metamerism?

segmental arrangement of body parts

What is the most speciose class of annelids?

polychaete

What is the "curtain" of tissue that allows for metamerism in annelids called?

mantle

What is epitoky?

sexually immature worm is modified or transformed into a sexually mature worm

What is a clitellum?

girdle-like reproductive structure, forms cocoon and secretes mucus.

What does the crop do?

used to temporarily store food

What does the gizzard do?

mechanically grinds food

What does the typhlosole of earthworms do?

increase intestine surface for better absorption

What is chloragogen tissue in earthworms and what does it do?

intestinal wall, helps with metabolism and excretion

To what subclass do leeches belong?

Hirudena

Who belong to class Clitellata?

earthworms and leeches

Are annelids and Molluscs closely related?

yes

What is ecdysis?

the process of shedding the old skin (in reptiles) or casting off the outer cuticle (in insects and other arthropods)

What is the corona and what is it a type of?

ciliated crown of rotifers

What is the mastax of a rotifer used for?

pharyngeal structure, chews and grinds food

What is the common name for nematodes?

round worms

How can you avoid an infection by Trichinella spiralis?

avoid undercooked Pork meat

To what subphylum do horseshoe crabs belong?

Chelicerata

To what class do spiders, ticks, and scorpions belong?

Arachnida

To what order to "daddy longlegs" belong?

opilliones

Crustaceans are unique among living arthropods as they possess two pair of?

Antenna

What does the green gland do in crustaceans?

excretory function and open at the bases of the larger antennae

What are the three tagmata of insects called?

Head, Thorax, Abdomen

Where are the legs and wings attached in the insects?

thorax

What are the external openings of the respiratory system of insects called?

spiracles

What are the excretory organs of insects?

malpighian tubules

How do insects reproduce is it direct or indirect?

indirect

What is the function of "Aristotle's lantern" in Echinoderms?

chewing

What is the "top" surface in sea stars termed?

aboral surface

What are ambulacral grooves and what do they contain?

contains the tube feet on the oral side and used to pry open the shells of bivalves

What does the notochord become in vertebrates?

disc in vetebral column

What does the endostyle become in vertebrates?

Replaced by thyroid gland, which is an endocrine gland that produces hormones

To what class do sharks, skates, and rays belong?

Chondrichthyes

How do bony fishes regulate buoyancy?

swim bladder

What do adult parasite lampreys in the Great Lakes feed on?

Lake trout, salmon, rainbow trout (steelhead), whitefish, chubs, burbot, walleye and catfish

The appearance of ____________ is considered to be one of the major developments in vertebrate evolution.

jaws

What is ram ventilation?

respiratory flow through mouth of fish

What do the semicircular canals of bony fish do?

hearing/balance

What is the lateral line system of fishes and what is it made of?

sense organs that detect movement, vibration, and pressure in water

Pseudocoelomate

cavity not completely loned with mesoderm

eucoelomate

cavity completely lined with mesoderm

Acoelomate

no cavity, mesoderm forms a solid mass

Function of choanocyte cells

generate a flow of water through the sponges pores, into the spongocoel, and out through the osculum

What types of symmetry are there?

radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry, and asymmetry

Radial Symmetry

symmetry around a central axis, as in a starfish or a tulip flower

Bilateral Symmetry

the property of being divisible into symmetrical halves on either side of a unique plane

5 hallmarks of Chordates

Notochord, Pharyngeal Slits, Endostyle, Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord, Post Anal Tail