AP World - Unit 4 - Terms

European Motives for Exploration

Spread Catholic Faith & Resources in other lands; Power

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa in the fifteenth century.

Technological Improvements

New ships and sails, magnetic compass, astrolabes, Also new knowledge of winds and currents allowed for easier faster trade and travel

Bartolomeu Diaz

Portuguese explorer who traveled to the cape of Africa and back

Vasco de Gama

Portuguese Explorer who sailed around Africa to India

Christopher Columbus

First Explorer to reach Americas; Wanted to find trade route to Asia without having to go through Ottomans; Had support of the Spanish Monarchy

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition to sail around the world first

Pacific exploration

So vast that took a while to map/discover, explorers did discover most of it and the west coast of North America.

Portuguese Trading Empire/Conflicts

Portuguese had one of the most extensive trading empires in Europe; Conflict: Had certain Conflicts with natives as well as Dutch

Dutch Trading Empire/Conflics

Dutch had extensive trading empire in Java with Dutch East Indies; decentralized capitalists helped trade; Conflicts: Had conflicts with locals and British & French

English Trading Empire/Conflicts

Built trading posts and attempted to build stronger connections with Asia. Entered conflicts with Dutch and Portuguese

French Exploration

French exploration took place from the 15th to 18th centuries. They aimed to find trade routes, expand territories, and spread French influence. The French were important in the fur trade and in establishing colonies in Quebec and Louisiana.

East India Company and VOC

Dutch Trading Company that operated separate and together with the Dutch government and conquered Java for huge trade profits

Conquest of the Philippines

Done by the Spanish as a trading port in East Asia for better trade between New Spain and Asia. Pushed Catholicism in the Philippines

Conquest of Java

Dutch East India company set up there but lack of settlers led to not a lot of social change in Java

Russia in Siberia

Russia sent criminals and unwanteds to colonize Siberia and they traded fur and gold there

7 Years War & other Conflicts

Global conflict that occurred everywhere in the world and pitted All the global superpower’s against each other

The Columbian Exchange

Exchange of crops people and diseases in triangular trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas

Columbian Exchange Diseases and Crops

Small Pox and Influenza transferred from Europe to the Americas while crops went the other direction which led to drastic social changes in both places

Global Trade- Manila Galleons

Were sleek heavily armed ships with large amounts of cargo space which helped with the spreading of trade in Asia with the Spanish

Environmental effects of Trade

Fur Trade led to large threat on animal populations; As global trade increased the amount of goods and services used/traded sharply increased

Spanish Caribbean

First place Europeans arrived in Americas

Set up their settlements and the encomienda system which gave them control

Brought smallpox which was devastating to the local people

Conquest of Mexico-- Cortes

Conquered the Aztec empire by placing it under siege and starving it until it surrendered

New military technologies and diseases helped the Spanish by reducing their population quickly

Conquest of Peru-- Pizarro

Conquered Incas by playing on the civil war and exploiting that to help gain control

Searched for gold and used the local labor

Spanish Administration

Established two main centers of authority (Mexico & Peru) and ruled them with viceroys. Not very successful sometimes as communication and transportation struggles came up sometimes

Viceroys

King’s representatives in the America’s and wielded a lot of power

Audiencias

Collection of scholars who were designed to keep the power of the viceroys in check and reviewed them

Encomienda System

a formal system of forced labor in Spanish colonies in Latin America and the Philippines, intended to encourage conquest and colonization

North American Settlements

Set up on east coast where life was extremely difficult but overtime they built stronger and were able to have lasting colonies

Self-Governed

North American Conflicts

French and English settlers frequently clashed with native peoples

Many native people were displaced or killed

Mestizo Populations

People in mexico of both spanish and native descent and were below the full Spaniards in social heirarchy

Mining in Spanish Colonies

Silver mining was super important in Peru and Mexico which led to slave and forced labor
Led to inflation of Silver in the world

Agriculture in Spanish Colonies

Used labor from Mit’a and encomienda systems but eventually went to a more tributary system

Silver -- Importance

Powered the spanish economy in the world and produced profit for investors separate of monarchy. Went all directions and stimulated global trade

Conflicts under Spanish Rule

Indigenous peoples resisted a lot and local revolts against law and administration were common but Spain remained largely in control

Sugar and slavery

Portuguese settlers focused on sugar production and therefore imported a lot of slave from Africa

Fur Trade

Trade in furs grew in North America and was large export from French, British, and Russian colonies

Tobacco Trade

Also large export amongst cash crops and was exported heavily to Europe where smoking became increasingly popular

North American Slavery

Large use of African slave labor and the exploitation of those peoples

Christianity and Native Society

Christianity was pushed heavily by Spanish and mostly blended and merged with local religions while also exterminating some local religions

Missionaries

European missionaries attempted to spread Christianity with schools and communities which led to the adoption of the Virgin of Guadalupe

Europeans in the Pacific- Australia, Guam, Hawaii

Dutch explored first and said it was barren; Then pacific islands and Australia became useful for their land and as stopping points between Asia and Americas

Syncretic Beliefs-- New World

As christianity arrived it blended with local religions and customs to create new ones

Conflicts against State Power- France, Russia, England

Lots of conflict but did nothing to stop state power

Mali Empire

Controlled Trans-Saharan trade and replaced Ghana

Songhay/Sunni Ali

Expansive state of Songhay took Mali’s place and their ruler Sunni Ali embarked to control land

Built elaborate administrative systems and did not abandon traditional religious practices

Swahili Decline

Took hard hit and Europeans required tributes and they also shot at the city-states which led to their decline

Kingdom of Kongo

Central African state which converted to Christianity and led to the development of trade between them and Portuguese

Slave Raiding-Kongo

Kongo raided other towns/city-states to export in exchange for textiles and weapons. Portuguese aided them in the expelling of invaders but also took people in Kongo

Kingdom of Ndongo

Developed slave trade with Portuguese and established what would become a colony to export slaves

Queen Nzinga

Resisted the Portuguese forces and she was a strong leader of the Ndongo people

Christianity in Africa

Fulani and Antonian movement were very crucial in spreading Christianity in Africa but also did not attempt to stamp out local religions

Antonian Movement

Syncretic cult that pushed Christianity by Dona Beatriz and they were very successful in native groups

Atlantic Slave Trade

Source of labor for the Americas in exchange for firearms and other manufactured products transferred to Africa

Islamic Slave Trade

Muslims traded African slaves to the Arabian peninsula for centuries which helped lay the groundwork for the Atlantic Slave Trade

Triangular Trade

Trade of all goods in CE between Africa - Americas - Europe

Middle Passage

Treacherous journey from Africa across Atlantic where lots of slaves died

Plantation Societies

Many african slaves went to the plantations where they were forced to work in treacherous locations to harvest cash crops

Cash Crops

What plantations produced; Rice, Coffee, Tobacco, and Lavender all produced there

Slave Revolts

Most dramatic form of slave resistance and it was how the slaves in Haiti revolted and ended up declaring independence from France

African-American Culture

New languages were formed in addition to syncretic religions and new music

Abolition of Slavery

New information about the treatment of slavery and the abolitionist movement began around the world but especially in Britain

Olaudah Equiano

Published an autobiography about his life as a slave and then he lobbied government officials and members

Syncretic Beliefs-- Africa

Syncretic beliefs also became prominent here as Christianity and Islam were further inserted into society

Abolition of Slavery-- Britain's Role

Britain abolished slavery in its colonies and outlawed the slave trade. They used their navy to attack slave ships crossing the Atlantic, adding to economic dis-benefits of the slave trade.