Meds nle high yield

What is the mechanism of action of Montelukast?

It is an anti-inflammatory drug used for asthma prevention.

What are the side effects of Montelukast?

Blurring of vision and drowsiness.

What is the indication for Ipatropium bromide?

Asthma and acute bronchospasm.

What is the indication for Tiotroprium?

Asthma.

What is the indication for Prednisolone?

Systemic corticosteroid for short bursts of asthma.

What is the indication for Salmeterol?

Long-acting beta adrenergic agonist given on morning and evening for asthma.

What is the indication for Omalizumab?

Can be indicated for asthma patients.

What is the indication for Albuterol?

Short-acting beta 2 adrenergic agonist used for asthma.

What is the indication for Aminophylline?

Long-term control and prevention of asthma.

What are the side effects of Aminophylline?

Irregular heartbeat.

What are the three medications for asthma under the AIM acronym?

Albuterol, Ipratropium, and Methylprednisolone.

What are the medications used for bronchoscopy?

Steroids, Epinephrine, and Muscle relaxants.

What medication is used for pulmonary angiography?

Corticosteroids.

What is the purpose of administering corticosteroids before a pulmo angiography procedure?

To prevent complications.

What is the cornerstone therapy for tetanus manifestations?

Benzodiazepines.

What is the antidote for benzodiazepine overdose?

Flumazenil (Romazicon).

What is the medical management for stimulant use?

Bromocriptine.

What is the medication used to decrease cravings for alcohol?

Acamprosate.

What are the three first-generation antipsychotics?

Chlorpromazine, Thioridazine, Fluphenazine.

What are the four second-generation antipsychotics?

Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Clozapine, Risperidone.

What is the safest antipsychotic for elderly patients?

Clozapine.

What is the mechanism of action of loop diuretics?

Inhibition of Na+ and Cl- reabsorption.

What is the safest antipsychotic for elderly patients?

Clozapine.

What is the mechanism of action of third-generation antipsychotics?

They regulate dopamine receptors and stabilize the dopamine system.

What is the mode of action of Apripazole

Brexpiprazole? What generations are they?

They regulate dopamine receptors by increasing dopamine and decreasing sensitivity to the receptors and vice versa.

What is the indication for long-term injection depot treatment?

Non-compliance.

What is the medical management for Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome?

Baclofen and antipyretics.

What is the medical management for Tardive Dyskinesia?

Valbenazine.

What is the recommended approach when prescribing antidepressants?

Start with the lowest dose to prevent dependence and tolerance.

What are the premedications for Electroconvulsive Therapy?

Muscle relaxant, anticholinergic, and anesthesia.

What is the drug of choice for manic episodes?

Lithium Carbonate.

What is the side effect of Lithium?

Polyuria and polydipsia.

What are the side effects of lithium?

Polyuria and polydipsia.

What happens to adH when blood has increased lithium?

It decreases.

What happens to sodium levels when lithium increases?

They decrease.

What is the recommended fluid intake for patients on lithium with a moderate sodium diet?

Increased fluid intake.

Name some lithium medications.

Carbolith, Eskalith, Lithothab, Lithoboid, Lithane.

Name some anticonvulsant medications that can be used instead of lithium.

Carbamazepine (Tegretol), Divalproex (Depakote), Gabapentin (Neurontin), Pregabalin (Lyrica), Lamotrigine (Lamictal).

Name some medications that can be used for EPS symptoms.

Akineton (biperidone), Benadryl (diphenhydramine), Congentin (benztropine).

Name some MAO inhibitors.

Tranylcipromine (Parnate), Isocarboxazid (Marplan), Phenelzine (Nardil), Selegiline (Eldepryl).

Name some TCAs.

Imipramine (Tofranil), Clomipramine (Anafranil), Amitriptyline (Elavil), Nortriptyline (Pamelor).

What are the side effects of SSRIs?

Less possibility of suicide.

What are the side effects of SNRIs?

Increased blood sugar, increased IOP, increased heart rate.

Name some medications used for diabetes insipidus.

Desmopressin (DDAVP, Stimate), Lypressin (Diapid), Vasopressin (Pitressin).

Name a medication used for SIADH.

Demeclocycline (Declomycin).

What medication can be used for hypothyroidism?

Levothyroxine (Synthroid).

What is the mechanism of action of Vasopressin (Pitressin)?

It promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys.

What is the purpose of Demeclocycline (Declomycin) in the treatment of SIADH?

It inhibits the action of vasopressin in the kidneys.

What is the recommended concentration of IV hypertonic saline (3%) for the treatment of hyponatremia?

3%.

What are the two synthetic thyroid hormones used for the treatment of hypothyroidism?

Levothyroxine (synthetic T4) and Liothyronine (synthetic T3).

What is the mechanism of action of PTU (prophylthiouracil) and Methimazole (tapazole)?

They inhibit the production of thyroid hormones.

What is the major side effect of PTU and Methimazole?

Decreased production of white blood cells (agranulocytosis).

What is the mechanism of action of beta-adrenergic blockers in the treatment of hyperthyroidism?

They block the sympathetic nervous system.

What are the four beta-adrenergic blockers commonly used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism?

Carvedilol, Atenolol, Metoprolol, and Propanolol.

What is the mechanism of action of iodine's solution in the treatment of hyperthyroidism?

It decreases the size and vascularity of the thyroid gland and decreases thyroid hormone release.

What is the contraindication for the use of radioac5ve isotope of iodine (RA 131) in the treatment of hyperthyroidism?

Pregnancy and breastfeeding.

What is the recommended lifelong hormone replacement therapy for someone who has undergone a medical thyroidectomy?

Levothyroxine and Liothyronine.

What are the two treatment options for hyperparathyroidism?

Calcitonin and Diuretics.

What is the purpose of IVF in the treatment of hyperparathyroidism?

To dilute and excrete excess calcium.

What are the two supplements used for the treatment of hypoparathyroidism?

Calcium supplements and Vitamin D supplements.

What are the treatment options for hypoparathyroidism?

Calcium supplements, Vitamin D supplements, Aluminum hydroxide (amphojel) – phosphate binder.

What are the hormone replacement therapy options for Addison's disease?

Glucocorticoid - Prednisone, Dexamethasone, Betamethasone, Hydrocortisone, Mineralocorticoid - Fludrocortisone (Florinef).

What are the treatment options for Cushing's Disease?

Anti-hypertensives - Alpha Adrenergic Blockers, Beta Adrenergic Blockers, Surgery - Adrenal Medulla Resection (WOF: Hypertensive Crisis), Adrenalectomy (WOF: Addisonian Crisis).

What is the recommended dosage of vitamin B9 per day?

400 mcg.

What is the mechanism of action of Heparin?

Preventing the formation of clots.

What is the recommended convulsion drug for eclampsia?

Diazepam.

What is the purpose of TUMS chewables for osteoporosis?

TUMS needs free HCl in the stomach to be effective and should be given before meals to ensure absorption.

What is the disulfiram effect of Metronidazole?

Metronidazole has a disulfiram effect and is used for amoebiasis.

What is the process of action of Thalidomide?

Thalidomide is a pain reliever and was tested for morning sickness. Thalidomide causes "AMELIA" - complete absence of extremities.

What is THALIDOMIDE?

THALIDOMIDE is a pain reliever that was tested for morning sickness and causes "AMELIA" - complete absence of extremities and Phocomelia - small extremities.

What are misoprostol's uses in pregnancy?

Misoprostol is used to induce contractions since the baby already has organs at this stage at 2nd trimester of pregnancy. It is a prostaglandin analog that causes cervical ripening and dilation, as well as initiates contractions.

What are tocolytics and corticosteroids used for in pregnancy?

Tocolytics and corticosteroids (Betamethasone and dexamethasone) are used to manage preterm labor. Tocolytics cause uterine contractions to disappear, while corticosteroids increase fetal lung surfactant.

What are the criteria for using tocolytics in pregnancy?

Tocolytics are only used if there is no bleeding, no amniotic leak, 50% progress in active labor, and no fetal distress. Terbutaline is the drug of choice, as it has a direct uterine effect and activates the SNS.

What are the safe animal drugs for pregnant women?

Diiodohyoxyquin, Atovaquone, Proguanil, and Afenoquine are safe animal drugs for pregnant women.

What is the recommended dosage of Vitamin A during pregnancy and postpartum?

During the 4th month of pregnancy, 10,000 IU of Vitamin A (retinol) should be taken every 2 weeks. Postpartum, 200,000 IU should be taken within 6 weeks.

What is the recommended dosage of Vitamin A (retinol) for pregnant women in their 4th month?

10,000 IU every 2 weeks.

What is the recommended dosage of Vitamin A (retinol) for postpartum women?

200,000 IU within a 6 week period.

What is the recommended daily dosage of iron and folic acid?

60 mg iron and 400 mcg folic acid.

How should iron supplements be taken for best absorption?

With acid and on an empty stomach.

What can iron and folic acid supplements prevent?

Neural tube defects (NTD).

Which vaccines are most sensitive to heat?

Varicella, MMR, and OPV.

What is the recommended storage temperature for the Varicella vaccine?

Freezer (15 to 25 C).

What is the DOC for trigeminal neuralgia?

Tegretol (an anticonvulsant).

What is the DOC for Bell's palsy?

Steroids.

What is the DOC for Meniere's disease?

An antihistamine (Diamox) or carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.

In which medical conditions is epinephrine used?

Status asthmaticus, anaphylactic shock, and penicillin toxicity.

What is the NMB agent used for ECT?

Succinylcholine.

What is the DOC for Parkinson's disease?

Levodopa and Sileled.

What is benztropine?

An anticholinergic.

When is benztropine taken?

At bedtime.

What is the DOC for MS and respiratory spasticity?

Baclofen.

When is neostigmine administered?

Before meals.

How does epidural anesthesia compare to spinal anesthesia in terms of dosage and level of consciousness?

Epidural has a higher dose but both do not cause loss of consciousness.

What is Thiopental sodium used for?

General anesthesia, treatment of convulsions, and reduction of intracranial pressure.

What is Thiopental sodium used for?

Thiopental sodium is used for general anesthesia, treating convulsions, and reducing ICP.

What is the mechanism of action of Thiopental sodium?

Thiopental sodium causes unconsciousness within 30 to 40 seconds by enhancing the activity of GABA receptors in the brain.

What is the duration of action of Thiopental sodium?

The duration of action of Thiopental sodium is 5 to 10 minutes.

How is Thiopental sodium administered?

Thiopental sodium is administered via IV (most common), oral, or rectal routes.

What is the effect of an antipsychotic drug on the hypotensive effect of Thiopental sodium?

Antipsychotic drugs enhance the hypotensive effect of Thiopental sodium.

What is the effect of Probenecid on the anesthetic effect of Pentothal?

Probenecid increases the anesthetic effect of Pentothal by prolonging its duration of action.