AP Euro: Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution, and European State Systems

Where did the Renaissance first occur?

In the city-states of Italy.

What were the conditions that led to the Renaissance in Italy and the rest of western europe?

Contact with advanced civilizations due to the Crusades, loss of Church power, growth of the middle class, and competition among the wealthy.

What does the term 'Renaissance' mean?

Rebirth of culture, specifically ancient culture.

What are the four essential aspects of humanism?

Admiration of Ancient Greeks and Romans, enjoyment of life, glorification of humans, and belief in human centrality.

What is civic humanism?

The belief that participation in public affairs is essential for human development.

Who was Petrarch?

The first humanist of the Renaissance, known for his admiration of ancient cultures.

What is 'The Decameron'?

A collection of short stories by Boccaccio, considered the first prose masterpiece in Italian.

What is 'The Courtier'?

A novel by Baldassare Castiglione that became a manual of proper behavior for gentlemen and ladies.

Who were Guarino da Verona and Vittorino da Feltre?

Educators who implemented humanist ideals into a practical curriculum.

What did Marsilio Ficino believe?

In studying the grand ideas of Plato and other philosophers.

What are characteristics of Medieval art?

Lacked depth and perspective, religious themes, and emotional expression.

What are characteristics of Renaissance art?

Emulation of ancient styles, good use of perspective, detailed backgrounds, and emotional subjects.

Who was Giotto?

A painter known for solid bodies and human emotion.

What was Masaccio known for?

Emphasizing nature and perspective in his paintings.

Who was Donatello?

A sculptor focused on the beauty of the human body.

What is Brunelleschi known for?

Groundbreaking architectural work characterized by simplicity and symmetry.

Who was Leonardo da Vinci?

A painter known for technical perfection in his works.

What did Raphael achieve in his paintings?

Harmony, beauty, and serenity.

Who was Michelangelo?

A multi-talented artist known for his powerful representations of individuals.

What is Titian known for?

Vividly painting scenes of luxury.

Who was John Wycliffe?

An English reformer advocating for simplification of Church doctrines; questioned transubstantiation

What was the Lollards?

An underground movement founded by Wycliffe's followers.

Who was Jan Hus?

A Bohemian who argued that priests weren't a holy group and questioned transubstantiation.

What was the Utraquist Church?

A church set up by Jan Hus's followers where both wine and bread were consumed by all.

What events undermined the Church's power during the Reformation?

The Avignon Exile and Great Schism.

How did the printing press impact the Reformation?

It allowed new ideas and dissatisfaction with the Church to spread quickly.

What were some long-term causes of the Reformation?

Growth in secular king power, discontent with Church rituals, lay piety, and fiscal crisis in the Church.

What is simony?

The sale of Church positions for economic motives.

What is pluralism in the context of the Church?

Holding more than one Church position at a time.

Who was Martin Luther?

A monk who initiated the Reformation after questioning Church practices.

What did Luther realize about justification?

It is based on faith alone, not on good works or sacraments.

What were the Ninety-Five Theses?

Luther's arguments against the sale of indulgences posted in 1517.

What was the Diet of Worms?

A meeting where Luther defended his writings and refused to retract his statements.

What is consubstantiation?

The belief that the substance of Christ coexists with the bread and wine.

What was the appeal of Protestantism to peasants?

Message of equality in religion and a simplified religion.

What was the appeal of Protestantism to nobles?

No tithe to pay, justifying rebellion against Charles, and gaining more land.

What was the appeal of Protestantism to the middle class?

No tithe to pay, ability to read the Bible, and the concept of individualism.

Who was Zwingli?

A reformer who believed sacraments were purely symbolic.

What did Calvin believe in?

Predestination, the idea that God knows who will be saved.

What was the role of the gentry in England's local administration?

They served as unpaid principal public servants known as Justices of the Peace.

What was the role of Parliament in England?

It was subordinate to the crown but contributed to the country's unification.

What type of law was in effect in England?

Common law, based on interpretations by judges.

Who was the founder of the Tudor dynasty?

Henry VII

What was one method Henry VII used to strengthen the crown?

He built up funds without overtaxing subjects.

What significant action did Henry VIII take regarding the Roman Catholic Church?

He broke with the Church, keeping church funds in the country.

What was the effect of Henry VIII's break with the Church on Parliament?

It strengthened Parliament and increased its responsibilities.

What was the structure of local administration in France before the new monarchs?

Aristocrats were virtually independent rulers.

What were the three departments of royal administration in France?

Chancery, Treasury, and Parlement of France.

What limited the throne's power in France?

The representative assemblies known as Estates.

Who was known as 'the spider' for his diplomatic tactics?

Louis XI

What was one of the failures of Charles VIII?

His invasion of Italy was unsuccessful.

What major change did Francis I implement regarding the Church?

He gained power over the Church with the Concordat of Bologna.

What did Henry II's reign signify in terms of military conflict?

The French lost the Italian war to the Hapsburgs.

What was the Iberian Peninsula divided into?

Portugal, Castile, and Aragon.

What was the result of the marriage between Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Sicily?

It led to a ten-year civil war which they won.

What was one way Ferdinand and Isabella unified Spain?

They reduced the power of the nobles.

What did the Cortes of Castile aim to restore?

Order to the countryside.

What was the new appointment policy established by Ferdinand and Isabella?

Ability rather than social status should determine appointments.

What was the purpose of the Inquisition established by Ferdinand and Isabella?

To expel non-Christians and unify Spain.

What type of law was instituted in Spain under Ferdinand and Isabella?

Castilian law, similar to Roman law.

What did Ferdinand focus on after Isabella's death?

Foreign affairs and reannexing provinces from France.

Who was the king of Spain during the Holy Roman Empire?

Charles V.

What was the major problem Charles V faced?

Financial issues due to spending on war.

What was the Petition of Right?

A petition stating the rights of Parliament, including no taxation without consent.

What was the outcome of the Gunpowder Plot?

It raised anti-Catholic sentiment in England.

Who succeeded Elizabeth I?

James I.

What was James I's belief about monarchy?

He believed in divine right monarchy.

What did James I respond to the Millenary Petition?

He said, 'No bishop, no King.'

What sparked conflict during James I's reign?

His attempts to marry Charles I to a Spanish princess.

What was the significance of the Long Parliament?

It passed laws limiting the king's power and required regular meetings.

What was the outcome of Charles I's attempt to rule without Parliament?

Public opinion shifted towards Parliament.

What were the two phases of the Civil War?

King vs. Parliament (1642-1646) and Parliament vs. Parliament's Army (1646-1649).

Who formed the New Model Army during the Civil War?

Cromwell.

What did the Triennial Act require?

Parliament to meet every three years.

What was the result of Charles I's refusal to sign the 19 Propositions?

It led to the outbreak of the Civil War.

What was the role of Francisco de los Cobos in Charles V's administration?

He enlarged the administration and system of councils.

What was the relationship between Castile and Aragon regarding taxes?

The tax burden fell on Castile due to Aragon's independence.

What did Charles I do in response to Parliament's demands?

He dissolved Parliament and ruled without it for 11 years.

What was the outcome of the Scottish rebellion during Charles I's reign?

It forced Charles to call Parliament for funds.

What did the Bill of Attainder against Strafford demand?

Strafford's death.

What was the significance of the Star Chamber?

It was abolished by Parliament during the Long Parliament.

What was the main conflict in the second phase of the Civil War?

Cromwell's Independent forces against the Puritan Parliament.

What was the main reason for Charles I's financial troubles?

His spending on wars and reliance on Parliament for taxation.

What did the nobles do during the peasant revolt against Charles V?

They put down the rebellion.

What was the main issue left unresolved by Elizabeth I?

The question of succession.

What was the public's reaction to James I's foreign policy?

Some were unhappy he kept England out of the Thirty Years War.

What was Charles I's expectation regarding the war?

That it would unite the country under his leadership.

What was the main consequence of Charles I's illegal loans?

Parliament drew up a petition stating their traditional rights.

What was the significance of Cromwell's victory in the Civil War?

It demonstrated the power of Parliament and the decline of royal authority.

Who executed the king in 1649?

Cromwell

What did Cromwell do to Parliament after executing the king?

Purged it of all dissenters, leading to the Romp Parliament.

How did Cromwell rule England?

As a military dictator, dividing it into 12 military districts.

What was Cromwell's stance on religious toleration?

He was ahead of his time but did not include Catholics and Anglicans.

What did the Levellers advocate for?

They wanted all people to vote.

What did the Diggers want?

They wanted all people to vote and to share wealth equally.

What happened after Cromwell's death?

His son Richard was unable to maintain power, leading to the restoration of Charles II.

What was Charles II's nickname?

The Merry Monarch.

How did Charles II interact with Parliament?

He was easygoing and willing to compromise.

What was the Treaty of Dover?

A secret treaty signed in 1670 where Charles II agreed to convert England back to Catholicism.

What was the Declaration of Indulgence?

A declaration issued by Charles II promising not to enforce laws against Catholics and non-Conformists.