Biology Lecture Notes Review

Flashcards covering key concepts from biology lecture notes.

Toluidine blue stain has an affinity for __ and regions rich in nucleic acids.

polysaccharides

Iodine stain is used for a specific type of carbohydrate (like __).

starch

In osmosis, water will flow from an area of __ to an area of low water potential.

high-water potential

___ break down the complex carbohydrate starch.

Amylases

Lipids have a ____ backbone with __ tails.

glycerol, fatty acid

___ protects the cell against __ species such as hydrogen peroxide.

Catalase, reactive oxygen

In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide dissolves into __ acid.

carbonic

The first law of thermodynamics states that _____

energy can only be transformed, not created or destroyed.

The law of thermodynamics states that every transformation of energy increases the ___ of the universe.

second, entropy

ATP is made of an adenine, ribose, and __ phosphate groups.

3

When water is added to ATP to remove a phosphate group, this process is called __.

hydrolysis

In phosphorylation, a __ group is added, which requires energy.

phosphate

Free energy (measuring the instability of a system) can be viewed through __ Free Energy.

Gibbs

Enzymes can affect reaction rates by lowering the __ energy.

activation

_____ bind completely to the active site.

Competitive inhibitors

Allosteric regulation occurs in enzymes and can be seen in the __ cycle.

citric acid

In the absence of oxygen, __ respiration occurs, allowing for only 2 ATP molecules to be created.

incomplete

_____ is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars.

The Calvin cycle

The first products of CO2 fixation in C3 plants are __.

3PG

In the process of signaling, the ligand binds to a __ to initiate a cellular response.

receptor

There are 4 types of __ receptors found in the plasma membrane.

chemical

Intracellular receptors respond to _____ molecules.

non polar, small

What is the function of intracellular receptors?

Intracellular receptors function as transcription factors that regulate gene expression.

What are the 3 ways enzymes can increase reaction rates

orientation, strain, and charge

what does the Michaelis constant mean?

if the number is high, the enzyme-substrate affinity is low

What are the cofactors that affect an enzyme

co-enzymes, prosthetic groups, inhibitors

what are the products of glycolysis

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 H20, 2 NADH, 2 H+ molecules are being formed

What are the processes with no oxygen to form ATP

Lactic acid fermentation, alchol fermentation, anerobix respiration, fermentation

where are the processes of cellular repsiration occuring

cytoplasm, mitochondrial matrix, ·      mitochondrial inner membrane

what powers the conversion of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates/sugar

ATP and NADPH

where is the positive charge gradient going as the elctron moves down the ETC in photosystem 2

in the thylakoid membrane

which photosystem makes ATP

2

what do the electrons do at the end of the photosystems

The electrons will then reach NADP+ reductase, whereby two electrons can allow for a full reduction of NADP+ to NADPH

how is 3PGA formed

CO2 and RUBP will attach —→ catalysed by rubisco —→ forms a 6 carbon chain that splits into 2 3PGA molecules

how is RUBP regenated (hint: 3PGA and GA3P)

Each 3PGA molecule will receive a phosphate from ADP (becomes diphosphoglycerate). NADPH will donate a pair of electrons it received from the previous steps and reduce the 3PGA to lose a phosphate group and become GA3P (an aldehyde group where more potential energy can be stored. This means that the 3 CO2 molecules have become 6 GA3P molecules (one of these will become glucose, the other 5 will help regenerate RUBP – this will also use 3 molecules of ATP).