Biology Lecture Notes Review

Flashcards covering key concepts from biology lecture notes.

Toluidine blue stain has an affinity for __ and regions rich in nucleic acids.

polysaccharides

Iodine stain is used for a specific type of carbohydrate (like __).

starch

In osmosis, water will flow from an area of __ to an area of low water potential.

high-water potential

___ break down the complex carbohydrate starch.

Amylases

Lipids have a ____ backbone with __ tails.

glycerol, fatty acid

___ protects the cell against __ species such as hydrogen peroxide.

Catalase, reactive oxygen

In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide dissolves into __ acid.

carbonic

The first law of thermodynamics states that _____

energy can only be transformed, not created or destroyed.

The law of thermodynamics states that every transformation of energy increases the ___ of the universe.

second, entropy

ATP is made of an adenine, ribose, and __ phosphate groups.

3

When water is added to ATP to remove a phosphate group, this process is called __.

hydrolysis

In phosphorylation, a __ group is added, which requires energy.

phosphate

Free energy (measuring the instability of a system) can be viewed through __ Free Energy.

Gibbs

Enzymes can affect reaction rates by lowering the __ energy.

activation

_____ bind completely to the active site.

Competitive inhibitors

Allosteric regulation occurs in enzymes and can be seen in the __ cycle.

citric acid

In the absence of oxygen, __ respiration occurs, allowing for only 2 ATP molecules to be created.

incomplete

_____ is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars.

The Calvin cycle

The first products of CO2 fixation in C3 plants are __.

3PG

In the process of signaling, the ligand binds to a __ to initiate a cellular response.

receptor

There are 4 types of __ receptors found in the plasma membrane.

chemical

Intracellular receptors respond to _____ molecules.

non polar, small

What is the function of intracellular receptors?

Intracellular receptors function as transcription factors that regulate gene expression.

What are the 3 ways enzymes can increase reaction rates

orientation, strain, and charge

what does the Michaelis constant mean?

if the number is high, the enzyme-substrate affinity is low

What are the cofactors that affect an enzyme

co-enzymes, prosthetic groups, inhibitors

what are the products of glycolysis

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 H20, 2 NADH, 2 H+ molecules are being formed

What are the processes with no oxygen to form ATP

Lactic acid fermentation, alchol fermentation, anerobix respiration, fermentation